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AQA AS-Level Chemistry 7405
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewFundamental ParticlesMass Number and IsotopesTime of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Ionisation and AccelerationTime of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Drift, Detection and Calculating m/zElectron Configuration: Sub-shells and OrbitalsElectron Configuration: Writing Configurations for Atoms and IonsIonisation Energies and Periodic Trends
Amount of Substance
Topic overviewRelative Atomic and Molecular MassThe Mole and the Avogadro ConstantThe Ideal Gas EquationEmpirical and Molecular FormulaBalanced Equations and Reaction CalculationsAtom Economy and Percentage YieldAcid-Base Titrations: Principles, Indicators and ApparatusAcid-Base Titrations: Standard Solutions and Calculations
Bonding
Topic overviewIonic BondingCovalent, Dative Covalent and Metallic BondingCrystal Structures: Giant Ionic Lattices and DiamondCrystal Structures: Graphite and Simple Molecular SolidsShapes of Molecules and Ions: VSEPR and Electron Pair RepulsionShapes of Molecules and Ions: Predicting Shapes and Bond AnglesElectronegativity and Bond PolarityIntermolecular Forces
Energetics and Thermodynamics
Kinetics
Chemical Equilibria
Redox and Electrochemistry
Periodicity and Group Chemistry
Topic overviews, p, d and f Block ClassificationTrends in Period 3Group 2 Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionisation Energy and Melting PointReactions of Group 2 with WaterSolubility Trends of Group 2 HydroxidesSolubility Trends of Group 2 SulfatesUses of Group 2 CompoundsTest for Sulfate IonsTrends in Electronegativity and Boiling Point of HalogensHalogens as Oxidising Agents and Displacement ReactionsHalide Ions as Reducing Agents: Chloride and BromideHalide Ions as Reducing Agents: Iodide, and the EquationsTest for Halide Ions Using Silver NitrateTests for Ammonium, Group 2, Hydroxide and Carbonate IonsReactions of Chlorine with WaterReactions of Chlorine with Cold Dilute NaOH and Water Treatment
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Topic overviewAlkanes, Fractional Distillation and CrackingCombustion of Alkanes and PollutantsFree Radical Chlorination of AlkanesAlkenes: Structure, Bonding and Electrophilic AdditionMarkovnikov's Rule and Carbocation StabilityAddition Polymers and Repeating UnitsProperties and Uses of Polyalkenes
Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and Organic Analysis
Topic overviewNucleophilic Substitution of HalogenoalkanesEffect of Bond Enthalpy on Reaction RateElimination Reactions and Competing MechanismsCFCs and Ozone DepletionIndustrial Production of AlcoholsBiofuels and Carbon NeutralityClassification and Oxidation of AlcoholsDistinguishing Aldehydes and KetonesElimination of Water from AlcoholsTest-Tube Reactions for Functional GroupsMass Spectrometry and Molecular FormulaInfrared Spectroscopy, Functional Groups and Global Warming
Bonding
- 8 subtopics
- 24 things to know
- Papers 1, 2 and 3
What Bonding covers
Bonding is examined on Papers 1, 2 and 3. It explains how atoms are held together in the three bond types, what that does to the structures they form, and how shape, polarity and the forces between molecules follow from it.
Where it is assessed
Papers 1, 2 and 3
Physical chemistry drawn on by both written papers.
Check the AQA specification ↗The 8 subtopics
Each one has its own page. AQA AS Chemistry students sit this topic in the first year.
- Ionic BondingElectrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and the giant lattice it produces.Open →
- Covalent, Dative Covalent and Metallic BondingShared pairs, dative bonds where one atom supplies both electrons, and the delocalised electrons of a metal.Open →
- Crystal Structures: Giant Ionic Lattices and DiamondGiant ionic lattices and giant covalent diamond, and the properties their structures explain.Open →
- Crystal Structures: Graphite and Simple Molecular SolidsGraphite's layers and delocalised electrons, and why simple molecular solids melt so easily.Open →
- Shapes of Molecules and Ions: VSEPR and Electron Pair RepulsionElectron pair repulsion theory, and why a lone pair repels more strongly than a bonding pair.Open →
- Shapes of Molecules and Ions: Predicting Shapes and Bond AnglesWorking out the shape and bond angle from the number of bonding and lone pairs around the central atom.Open →
- Electronegativity and Bond PolarityElectronegativity trends, polar bonds, and why a molecule with polar bonds can still be non-polar.Open →
- Intermolecular ForcesVan der Waals, permanent dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding, and their effect on boiling point.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
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Give an example of a molecule or ion that contains a dative covalent bond.
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What is ionic bonding?
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What is a covalent bond?
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What is the structure of sodium chloride?
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Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
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What type of structure does graphite have?
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What type of bonding exists between the layers in graphite?
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What theory is used to predict the shapes of molecules and ions?
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What does VSEPR stand for?
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What shape does a molecule with three bonding pairs and one lone pair adopt?
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What shape does a molecule with two bonding pairs and two lone pairs adopt?
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What is electronegativity?
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What is the trend in electronegativity across a period?
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What are the three types of intermolecular forces?
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What is another name for induced dipole-dipole forces?
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How can you predict the charge on a simple ion from the Periodic Table?
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What is a dative covalent bond?
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Why do ionic compounds not conduct electricity when solid?
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Why is graphite slippery?
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What is the fundamental principle behind VSEPR theory?
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Why is the bond angle in ammonia less than the tetrahedral angle?
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What is the trend in electronegativity down a group?
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What causes permanent dipole-dipole forces between molecules?
Take Bonding further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Ionic bond vs Covalent bond
Ionic bond: electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged particles. Covalent bond: electrostatic attraction between shared electrons and both nuclei.
Bonding pair vs Lone pair
Bonding pair: two shared electrons forming a covalent link. Lone pair: two outer-shell electrons not used in bonding.
Giant ionic lattice vs Giant covalent lattice
Giant ionic lattice: a repeating three-dimensional arrangement of oppositely charged ions. Giant covalent lattice: a repeating network of atoms joined by covalent bonds.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is ionic bonding?
Model answer
The attraction holding oppositely charged ions together within a lattice
- 2
What type of force holds ions together in an ionic compound?
Model answer
Electrostatic attraction
- 3
What is the structure of an ionic compound called?
Model answer
A lattice
- 4
What is the formula of the sulfate ion?
Model answer
SO₄²⁻
- 5
What is the formula of the hydroxide ion?
Model answer
OH⁻
- 6
What is the formula of the nitrate ion?
Model answer
NO₃⁻
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Bonding revision questions
- Is Bonding examined at AS in AQA Chemistry?
- Yes. It sits in Papers 1, 2 and 3, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
- What does Bonding cover in AQA AS-Level Chemistry?
- 8 subtopics: ionic bonding, covalent, dative covalent and metallic bonding, crystal structures: giant ionic lattices and diamond, crystal structures: graphite and simple molecular solids, shapes of molecules and ions: vsepr and electron pair repulsion, shapes of molecules and ions: predicting shapes and bond angles, electronegativity and bond polarity and intermolecular forces. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Bonding organised?
- By the AQA 7405 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Bonding, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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