Key term
OCR GCSE Physics A J249
Electricity
Topic overviewCharge, and producing static electricityTransfer of electrons, and electric fieldsCurrent as a rate of flow of chargeCharge, current and timeSeries and parallel circuits, and circuit symbolsCurrent, potential difference and resistanceResistors whose resistance changes, and investigating themLinear and non-linear circuit elements from graphsNet resistance in series and parallelCircuits for measurement, and electrical power
Energy
Topic overviewConservation of energy, and energy storesEnergy changes on heating, and calculating themEnergy of a moving body, a spring and a raised objectDissipation, and energy transfer in domestic devicesPower ratings, efficiency, and increasing itReducing unwanted energy transfer, and the rate of cooling
Forces
Topic overviewMeasuring distance and time, and calculating speedConverting units, and ratesVectors and scalars in motionDistance-time and velocity-time graphsAverage speed, and the equations of uniform motionHow objects interact, and forces as vectorsNewton's first lawResolving forces, and free body diagramsResultant forces, and balanced forcesNewton's second law, and inertiaMomentum, and force as a change in momentumWork done, and stored energyPower, and Newton's third lawCircular motion and changing velocityStretching, bending and compressing; elastic and plasticForce and extension, linear and non-linearThe spring constant, and work done in stretchingGravitational fields, weight and free fallCalculations with weight and gravitational field strengthTurning forces and the moment of a forceLevers and gearsPressure in fluids, and the force on a surface
Global Challenges
Topic overviewTypical speeds and everyday accelerationsReaction time, stopping distance and the dangers of large decelerationsEstimating stopping distances and the forces in a collisionEnergy resources, and trends in their useThe national grid, and step-up and step-down transformersWhy the national grid is efficient, and the transformer equationMains electricity: a.c., d.c. and the domestic supplyLive, neutral and earth wires, and electrical dangerRed-shift and the Big BangThe formation of the Sun, and radiation from bodiesThe solar systemCircular orbits and stable orbitsRadiation and the temperature of a body, and seismic waves and sonar
Magnetism and Magnetic Fields
Topic overviewPermanent and induced magnets, and magnetic polesMagnetic fields, and the dipping compassThe magnetic effect of a current, and solenoidsThe motor effect and Fleming's left-hand ruleThe force on a conductor, and how a motor turnsInduced potential, alternators and dynamosTransformers and the turns ratioThe microphone
Matter
Topic overviewHow the atomic model changed, and the structure of the atomThe size of atoms, and defining densityDensity of the states of matter, and density calculationsConservation of mass in changes of stateHeating a system, and specific heat capacityCalculations with specific heat capacity and latent heatGas molecules, temperature and pressureCompressing a gas, and changing its volumeDoing work on a gasAtmospheric pressure and why it varies with heightFloating, sinking and pressure in a liquid
Radioactivity
Topic overviewProtons, neutrons and isotopesUnstable nuclei and the emissions they give outBalancing nuclear equationsElectron energy levels, and radiation from atomsHalf-life and the randomness of decayPenetration of alpha, beta and gammaContamination and irradiation, and half-life as a hazardUses of nuclear radiationNuclear fission and fusion
Waves in Matter
Topic overviewAmplitude, wavelength, frequency and periodThe wave equationTransverse and longitudinal wavesSound crossing a boundary; reflection, transmission and absorptionConverting sound to vibrations, and the range of hearingModelling waves with ripples and soundElectromagnetic waves as transverse, and energy transferFrequency and wavelength across the spectrumWhat our eyes detect, and light as an electromagnetic waveUses of electromagnetic wavesHazards of ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma raysExploring structures with waves, and producing radio wavesAbsorption, transmission, refraction and reflectionRay diagrams for reflection and refractionHow colour arises
Matter
Density of the states of matter, and density calculations
- 3 things to know
- Paper 3
Overview
The particle arrangements in solids, liquids and gases and how they explain differences in density, why ice floats, rearranging density = mass ÷ volume for calculations, and measuring the density of regular and irregular solids and of liquids with a balance, callipers, eureka can and measuring cylinder.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Which state of matter usually has the highest density, and why?
Key term
Explain why a solid is usually a little denser than the same substance as a liquid.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Describe the arrangement of the particles in a solid.
Model answer
They are packed closely together in a regular fixed pattern and vibrate about fixed positions.
- 2
Describe the arrangement of the particles in a liquid.
Model answer
They are still close together but arranged irregularly, and they can move past one another.
- 3
Describe the arrangement of the particles in a gas.
Model answer
They are far apart, arranged randomly, and move quickly in all directions.
- 4
Explain why a gas has a much lower density than a liquid or a solid.
Model answer
Its particles are spread far apart, so a given volume contains very few particles and therefore very little mass.
- 5
Which state of matter usually has the highest density, and why?
Model answer
The solid state, because its particles are packed most closely together, giving the greatest mass in a given volume.
- 6
Explain why a solid is usually a little denser than the same substance as a liquid.
Model answer
The particles in the solid are held in a regular arrangement slightly closer together, so the same volume holds slightly more mass.
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