Give two variables that must be kept the same when comparing how added calcium hydroxide changes the pH of hydrochloric acid.

The volume and the concentration of the hydrochloric acid must be kept the same.

Describe how the pH is measured after each addition of calcium hydroxide powder to an acid.

The mixture is stirred and its pH is read using a pH meter, or using universal indicator and a colour chart.

Describe how the pH changes as successive small masses of calcium hydroxide are added to dilute hydrochloric acid.

The pH rises as the acid is used up, passes 7 when the acid has been neutralised, and then levels off at an alkaline value once excess calcium hydroxide has been added.

Edexcel GCSE Combined Science Chemistry 1SC0

Key Concepts in Chemistry

Topic overview Formulae, word equations and balanced equations Hazard symbols and assessing risk The changing model of the atom Protons, neutrons and electrons The nucleus, mass number and atomic mass Elements and isotopes Calculating particle numbers and relative atomic mass Mendeleev's periodic table How the modern periodic table is arranged Electronic configuration and the periodic table How ionic bonds form Ions in ionic compounds Formulae of ionic compounds and ionic equations Naming compounds and the ionic lattice Covalent bonds and molecules Dot and cross diagrams for simple molecules Classifying substances and the properties of ionic compounds Properties of simple molecular substances, and forms of carbon Graphite and diamond Fullerenes and graphene Polymers and models of bonding The properties of metals Relative formula mass and percentage composition Empirical and molecular formulae Conservation of mass in closed and open systems Reacting masses from balanced equations Concentration in grams per cubic decimetre Moles and the Avogadro constant Limiting reactants and stoichiometry

States of Matter and Mixtures

Topic overview The three states of matter and changes of state Energy changes during changes of state, and predicting state Pure substances and melting point data Choosing a separation technique Separating a mixture in practice Paper chromatography and interpreting a chromatogram Investigating inks by distillation and chromatography Making water potable

Chemical Changes

Topic overview Acids, alkalis and the pH scale Indicators: litmus, methyl orange and phenolphthalein Hydrogen ion concentration and the pH scale Investigating pH change when neutralising an acid Dilute and concentrated, weak and strong acids Bases and alkalis Reactions of acids, and testing for hydrogen and carbon dioxide Neutralisation and its ionic equation Preparing soluble salts from insoluble and soluble reactants Preparing pure, dry copper sulfate crystals Carrying out an acid-alkali titration Solubility rules Predicting precipitates and preparing an insoluble salt Electrolytes and what electrolysis is Movement of ions and predicting the products of molten electrolysis Electrolysis with inert electrodes Writing half equations Oxidation and reduction at the electrodes Electrolysis of copper sulfate solution Investigating the electrolysis of copper sulfate

Extracting Metals and Equilibria

Topic overview Investigating the reactivity of metals Displacement reactions as redox reactions The reactivity series Ores, oxidation and reduction Choosing a method to extract a metal Biological methods of metal extraction Corrosion resistance and recycling metals Life cycle assessment Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium The Haber process and its conditions Changing the position of an equilibrium

Groups in the Periodic Table

Topic overview The groups of the periodic table, and the alkali metals Reactions of the alkali metals with water The pattern in alkali metal reactivity and why it happens Physical properties of the halogens The test for chlorine, and halogens reacting with metals Hydrogen halides, and explaining halogen reactivity Displacement reactions of the halogens Group 0: the noble gases

Rates of Reaction and Energy Changes

Topic overview Investigating the rate of a reaction Measuring rate and interpreting rate graphs Collision theory and factors affecting rate Catalysts and enzymes Exothermic and endothermic changes Bond breaking, bond making and the overall energy change Bond energies, activation energy and reaction profiles

Fuels and Earth Science

Topic overview Hydrocarbons and crude oil Fractional distillation and the fractions Properties of the fractions and homologous series Complete and incomplete combustion Carbon monoxide and soot Pollutants and acid rain Hydrogen and fossil fuels compared Cracking and why it is necessary The Earth's early atmosphere How the oceans formed and how oxygen appeared The test for oxygen and the greenhouse gases Today's atmosphere and evidence for climate change

Chemical Changes

Investigating pH change when neutralising an acid

3 things to know
Paper 3

Overview

The apparatus, variables and pH readings when calcium hydroxide is added to hydrochloric acid, how the pH rises and levels off, the equations, why stirring and small additions matter, and presenting the results in tables and graphs.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Name the apparatus used to measure out a fixed volume of dilute hydrochloric acid before calcium hydroxide powder is added to it.

Process

State the independent variable when powdered calcium hydroxide is added in stages to a fixed volume of dilute hydrochloric acid.

Key term

Name the measurement that is recorded after each addition of calcium hydroxide powder to dilute hydrochloric acid.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Name the apparatus used to measure out a fixed volume of dilute hydrochloric acid before calcium hydroxide powder is added to it.
Model answer
A measuring cylinder is used to measure out the fixed volume of acid.
2
State the independent variable when powdered calcium hydroxide is added in stages to a fixed volume of dilute hydrochloric acid.
Model answer
The independent variable is the mass of calcium hydroxide added.
3
Name the measurement that is recorded after each addition of calcium hydroxide powder to dilute hydrochloric acid.
Model answer
The pH of the mixture is recorded each time.
4
Give two variables that must be kept the same when comparing how added calcium hydroxide changes the pH of hydrochloric acid.
Model answer
The volume and the concentration of the hydrochloric acid must be kept the same.
5
Describe how the pH is measured after each addition of calcium hydroxide powder to an acid.
Model answer
The mixture is stirred and its pH is read using a pH meter, or using universal indicator and a colour chart.
6
Describe how the pH changes as successive small masses of calcium hydroxide are added to dilute hydrochloric acid.
Model answer
The pH rises as the acid is used up, passes 7 when the acid has been neutralised, and then levels off at an alkaline value once excess calcium hydroxide has been added.

See the rest and revise

Other ways to work this

The same content, four other ways.

What is inside Levo

Six ways to work the same material.

1Closed book

2Open book

3Closed book

The 3-step method, run for you

Answer cold, learn it, then prove it stuck. Levo tracks the jump between your first attempt and your last.

Key Concepts in Chemistry

States of Matter and Mixtures

Chemical Changes

Extracting Metals and Equilibria

Cram a whole paper in one sitting

Sort every topic into what you know and what you do not, then drill only the weak ones.

Hydrogen is formed.

chloridebromideiodide

Blank Blitz makes facts automatic

Rapid timed gap-fills on the terms and numbers you need to recall without thinking.

AChlorine is a pale green gas at room temperature.

BBromine is a red-brown liquid at room temperature.

CIodine is a dark grey solid at room temperature.

Build It gets the exam shape right

Assemble a full-mark answer from its marking points, in the order an examiner wants them.

A neutral solution has a pH of 7.

TrueFalse

Test It catches misconceptions

Spot the fault in a statement. The traps are the mistakes students actually make.

721941163128510

Brain Breaks between sessions

Short focus games to reset attention, so the next set lands better than the last.

Every question in Chemical Changes, on a schedule.

Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.

Start revising, £5 a month See how the method works

Or £46 a year, about £3.83 a month. Cancel anytime.