Describe the lifestyle changes recommended to someone at risk of cardiovascular disease.

Eating less saturated fat and salt, losing excess weight, taking regular exercise and stopping smoking.

Give one advantage and one limitation of treating cardiovascular disease by lifestyle change alone.

It costs nothing and has no side effects, but it depends on the patient keeping to it and cannot reverse an artery that is already badly narrowed.

How do statins reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?

They lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood, so fatty deposits build up in the arteries more slowly.

Give two disadvantages of treating a patient with statins.

They must be taken for the rest of the patient's life, and they can cause side effects such as muscle pains and liver problems.

Give one advantage and one risk of fitting a stent.

It works immediately and lasts for a long time, but the operation carries a risk of bleeding, infection and a clot forming on the stent.

OCR GCSE Biology A J247

Cell Level Systems

Topic overview Microscopy, and sub-cellular structures DNA structure: polymer, double helix and nucleotides Protein synthesis and the triplet code Enzyme action, and investigating enzymes Cellular respiration as an exothermic process Aerobic and anaerobic respiration compared Synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids Photosynthesis: producers and the process Photosynthesis as endothermic, and investigating it Limiting factors in photosynthesis

Community Level Systems

Topic overview Cycling materials, and the role of microorganisms The carbon and water cycles, and decomposition Levels of organisation, and abiotic and biotic factors Interdependence, competition and trophic levels Pyramids of biomass and the efficiency of transfer

Genes, Inheritance and Selection

Topic overview Genetic terms, and the genome Genome, environment and mutations How genetic variants influence phenotype Asexual and sexual reproduction compared Haploid, diploid and meiosis Single gene inheritance and Punnett squares Sex determination, multiple genes and Mendel's work Variation within a population, and classification Natural selection and evolution Evidence for evolution, and the work of Darwin and Wallace

Global Challenges

Topic overview Field investigations, and human impact on ecosystems Maintaining biodiversity, and evidence for environmental change Food security, agricultural and biotechnological solutions Selective breeding and genetic engineering Health, disease, and types of disease Interactions between diseases, and how they spread Reducing the spread of disease, and named examples Physical and chemical plant defences Detecting plant disease; white blood cells and platelets Non-specific defences and the immune system Monoclonal antibodies and their uses Vaccines, medicines and aseptic technique Developing new medicines, and non-communicable disease Treating cardiovascular disease, and lifestyle factors Cancer, and the use of stem cells in medicine Gene technology in medicine, and the human genome

Organism Level Systems

Topic overview The nervous system and coordinated responses The reflex arc The eye and its common defects The structure and function of the brain Investigating and treating the brain Hormonal coordination, thyroxine and adrenaline Hormones in reproduction and the menstrual cycle Contraception and treating infertility Plant hormones and their commercial uses Homeostasis, and the skin in temperature control Insulin and glucagon in blood sugar control Type 1 and type 2 diabetes Osmotic changes in body fluids, and the kidneys The kidney tubule and the effect of ADH Responding to temperature and osmotic challenges

Scaling Up

Topic overview Diffusion, osmosis and active transport Mitosis, the cell cycle and cell differentiation Stem cells in animals and meristems in plants Surface area to volume ratio and exchange surfaces The circulatory system, the heart and blood vessels Red blood cells and plasma Root hair cells, transpiration and translocation Xylem and phloem Factors affecting water uptake, and the potometer

Global Challenges

Treating cardiovascular disease, and lifestyle factors

2 things to know
Paper 4

Overview

Lifestyle changes, statins, stents, bypass operations and valve replacements for cardiovascular disease with their advantages and risks, how exercise, saturated fat, alcohol and smoking affect non-communicable disease, why disease patterns differ between places, the rise of type 2 diabetes and the costs of disease, and using bar charts, histograms, modal classes, percentages and scatter diagrams to judge correlation and cause.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What is a stent and how does it treat coronary heart disease?

Key term

Name two diseases linked to smoking and state which components of the smoke are responsible.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Describe the lifestyle changes recommended to someone at risk of cardiovascular disease.
Model answer
Eating less saturated fat and salt, losing excess weight, taking regular exercise and stopping smoking.
2
Give one advantage and one limitation of treating cardiovascular disease by lifestyle change alone.
Model answer
It costs nothing and has no side effects, but it depends on the patient keeping to it and cannot reverse an artery that is already badly narrowed.
3
How do statins reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?
Model answer
They lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood, so fatty deposits build up in the arteries more slowly.
4
Give two disadvantages of treating a patient with statins.
Model answer
They must be taken for the rest of the patient's life, and they can cause side effects such as muscle pains and liver problems.
5
What is a stent and how does it treat coronary heart disease?
Model answer
A small mesh tube placed inside a narrowed coronary artery to hold it open, so blood flow to the heart muscle is restored.
6
Give one advantage and one risk of fitting a stent.
Model answer
It works immediately and lasts for a long time, but the operation carries a risk of bleeding, infection and a clot forming on the stent.

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Cell Level Systems

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Genes, Inheritance and Selection

Global Challenges

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AThe blood becomes too dilute.

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