How does social class affect life chances such as health?

Life expectancy is the average number of years a person can expect to live. Men in England's most deprived areas live almost ten years less than men in the least deprived (ONS, 2018–20).

How do ethnicity and race affect life chances?

Pakistani and Bangladeshi households have some of the highest poverty rates in the UK, according to DWP figures. Racial discrimination in hiring and housing can also limit opportunities.

How do age and ageism affect life chances?

Ageism is prejudice or discrimination against people because of their age. Older workers can be overlooked for jobs, while workers under 18 can legally be paid a lower minimum wage.

AQA GCSE Sociology 8192

The Sociological Approach

Topic overview Key sociological concepts Sociological perspectives: consensus and conflict Durkheim, Marx and Weber How sociological knowledge develops

Families

Topic overview Functions of families Family forms and diversity Conjugal roles and the domestic division of labour Changing relationships within families Criticisms of families Divorce in Britain since 1945

Education

Topic overview Roles and functions of education Education, capitalism and the correspondence principle Class and gender differences in achievement Ethnicity, parental choice and school markets Processes within schools

Crime and Deviance

Topic overview Social construction of crime and deviance Formal and informal social control Explanations of criminal behaviour Patterns of crime and public debates Crime statistics and the dark figure

Social Stratification

Topic overview Functionalist theory of stratification Marx, Weber and socio-economic class Factors affecting life chances Poverty as a social issue Forms of power and authority Power relationships

Research Methods

Topic overview Research design, hypotheses and data analysis Sampling methods Questionnaires and interviews Observation and mixed methods Types of data and official statistics Reliability, validity, ethics and practical issues

Social Stratification

Factors affecting life chances

3 things to know
Paper 2

Overview

How class, gender, ethnicity, age, disability, sexuality and religion affect life chances, income and wealth, and Devine's Affluent Workers Revisited and embourgeoisement.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Key term

What is the difference between income and wealth?

Key term

How does gender affect life chances?

Key term

What does the term life chances mean?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What does the term life chances mean?
Model answer
Life chances are a person's opportunities to gain things society values, such as good health, education, housing and income. Weber linked life chances to a person's class position.
2
How does social class affect life chances such as health?
Model answer
Life expectancy is the average number of years a person can expect to live. Men in England's most deprived areas live almost ten years less than men in the least deprived (ONS, 2018–20).
3
What is the difference between income and wealth?
Model answer
Income is money received over a period, such as wages, a salary or benefits. Wealth is the value of assets owned, such as property, shares and savings. Wealth in the UK is distributed far more unequally than income.
4
How does gender affect life chances?
Model answer
Women are more likely than men to work part-time and in lower-paid jobs. ONS figures continue to show a gender pay gap in favour of men. Women also do more unpaid caring work.
5
How do ethnicity and race affect life chances?
Model answer
Pakistani and Bangladeshi households have some of the highest poverty rates in the UK, according to DWP figures. Racial discrimination in hiring and housing can also limit opportunities.
6
How do age and ageism affect life chances?
Model answer
Ageism is prejudice or discrimination against people because of their age. Older workers can be overlooked for jobs, while workers under 18 can legally be paid a lower minimum wage.

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The Sociological Approach

Families

Education

Crime and Deviance

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A communist society would follow.

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AONS figures show that divorces rose briefly after the Second World War.

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Monogamy means marriage to only one partner at a time.

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