Key term
Edexcel GCSE Chemistry 1CH0
Key Concepts in Chemistry
Topic overviewFormulae, word equations and balanced equationsHazard symbols and assessing riskThe changing model of the atomProtons, neutrons and electronsThe nucleus, mass number and atomic massElements and isotopesCalculating particle numbers and relative atomic massMendeleev's periodic tableHow the modern periodic table is arrangedElectronic configuration and the periodic tableHow ionic bonds formIons in ionic compoundsFormulae of ionic compounds and ionic equationsNaming compounds and the ionic latticeCovalent bonds and moleculesDot and cross diagrams for simple moleculesClassifying substances and the properties of ionic compoundsProperties of simple molecular substances, and forms of carbonGraphite and diamondFullerenes and graphenePolymers and models of bondingThe properties of metalsRelative formula mass and percentage compositionEmpirical and molecular formulaeConservation of mass in closed and open systemsReacting masses from balanced equationsConcentration in grams per cubic decimetreMoles and the Avogadro constantLimiting reactants and stoichiometry
States of Matter and Mixtures
Topic overviewThe three states of matter and changes of stateEnergy changes during changes of state, and predicting statePure substances and melting point dataChoosing a separation techniqueSeparating a mixture in practicePaper chromatography and interpreting a chromatogramInvestigating inks by distillation and chromatographyMaking water potable
Chemical Changes
Topic overviewAcids, alkalis and the pH scaleIndicators: litmus, methyl orange and phenolphthaleinHydrogen ion concentration and the pH scaleInvestigating pH change when neutralising an acidDilute and concentrated, weak and strong acidsBases and alkalisReactions of acids, and testing for hydrogen and carbon dioxideNeutralisation and its ionic equationPreparing soluble salts from insoluble and soluble reactantsPreparing pure, dry copper sulfate crystalsCarrying out an acid-alkali titrationSolubility rulesPredicting precipitates and preparing an insoluble saltElectrolytes and what electrolysis isMovement of ions and predicting the products of molten electrolysisElectrolysis with inert electrodesWriting half equationsOxidation and reduction at the electrodesElectrolysis of copper sulfate solutionInvestigating the electrolysis of copper sulfate
Extracting Metals and Equilibria
Topic overviewInvestigating the reactivity of metalsDisplacement reactions as redox reactionsThe reactivity seriesOres, oxidation and reductionChoosing a method to extract a metalBiological methods of metal extractionCorrosion resistance and recycling metalsLife cycle assessmentReversible reactions and dynamic equilibriumThe Haber process and its conditionsChanging the position of an equilibrium
Transition Metals, Quantitative Chemistry and Industrial Processes
Topic overviewTransition metals and their propertiesCorrosion and electroplatingPreventing rustingAlloys and alloy steelsHow the uses of metals relate to their propertiesConcentration in mol dm-3 and titration calculationsCarrying out an accurate titrationPercentage yieldAtom economy and choosing a reaction pathwayMolar volume of a gasAvogadro's law and gas volumesThe Haber processConditions used in industrial reactionsFertilisers and ammonium saltsPreparing ammonium sulfate in the lab and in industryChemical cells and fuel cellsEvaluating fuel cells
Groups in the Periodic Table
Topic overviewThe groups of the periodic table, and the alkali metalsReactions of the alkali metals with waterThe pattern in alkali metal reactivity and why it happensPhysical properties of the halogensThe test for chlorine, and halogens reacting with metalsHydrogen halides, and explaining halogen reactivityDisplacement reactions of the halogensGroup 0: the noble gases
Rates of Reaction and Energy Changes
Topic overviewInvestigating the rate of a reactionMeasuring rate and interpreting rate graphsCollision theory and factors affecting rateCatalysts and enzymesExothermic and endothermic changesBond breaking, bond making and the overall energy changeBond energies, activation energy and reaction profiles
Fuels and Earth Science
Topic overviewHydrocarbons and crude oilFractional distillation and the fractionsProperties of the fractions and homologous seriesComplete and incomplete combustionCarbon monoxide and sootPollutants and acid rainHydrogen and fossil fuels comparedCracking and why it is necessaryThe Earth's early atmosphereHow the oceans formed and how oxygen appearedThe test for oxygen and the greenhouse gasesToday's atmosphere and evidence for climate change
Chemical Analysis, Organic Chemistry and Materials
Topic overviewWhy an ion test must be unique, and flame testsTests for metal ions and for ammoniaTests for carbonate, sulfate and halide ionsIdentifying the ions in an unknown saltInstrumental methods and flame photometryAlkanes and why they are saturatedAlkenes and why they are unsaturatedReactions of alkenes, and combustionWhat a polymer is, and how poly(ethene) formsOther addition polymers, and monomers from polymersUses of polymers, and natural polymers including DNAPolyesters and condensation polymerisationProblems with polymers and recyclingAlcohols and the -OH functional groupComparing the energy released by alcohol fuelsMaking ethanol by fermentation and distillationCarboxylic acids and the -COOH functional groupOxidising alcohols to carboxylic acids, and homologous seriesThe size of nanoparticlesUses and risks of nanoparticlesChoosing a material for a use
Fuels and Earth Science
Pollutants and acid rain
- 3 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
How sulfur impurities in fuels form sulfur dioxide, how it causes acid rain and the damage to lakes, trees, buildings and metals, ways of reducing it, and how oxides of nitrogen form from air in hot engines and why they are pollutants.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Explain how oxides of nitrogen form in an engine, giving their formulae and why hotter engines make more.
Key term
Name the impurity found in some hydrocarbon fuels that leads to sulfur dioxide being released.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Name the impurity found in some hydrocarbon fuels that leads to sulfur dioxide being released.
Model answer
The impurity is sulfur.
- 2
Explain how burning a fuel that contains sulfur produces sulfur dioxide.
Model answer
The sulfur impurity is oxidised as the fuel burns, reacting with oxygen from the air to form sulfur dioxide.
- 3
Write the balanced equation for the reaction that forms sulfur dioxide when sulfur burns.
Model answer
S + O₂ → SO₂.
- 4
Give the formula of sulfur dioxide.
Model answer
Sulfur dioxide has the formula SO₂.
- 5
Suggest why removing sulfur from a fuel before it is burned reduces pollution.
Model answer
If no sulfur is present, no sulfur dioxide can be formed when the fuel is burned.
- 6
Explain why burning pure hydrogen produces no sulfur dioxide but burning some fuel oils does.
Model answer
Sulfur dioxide is only formed if the fuel contains sulfur, and hydrogen contains none.
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