Key term
Edexcel GCSE Combined Science Physics 1SC0
Key Concepts of Physics
Motion and Forces
Topic overviewScalar and vector quantitiesExamples of vectors and scalars, and velocitySpeed, distance, time and distance-time graphsAcceleration and the equation v squared minus u squaredVelocity-time graphs and free fallMeasuring speed in the laboratory, and typical everyday speedsNewton's first law, and investigating force, mass and accelerationNewton's second and third lawsWeight, mass and gravitational field strengthCircular motion and centripetal forceInertial mass and momentumCollisions, and force as the rate of change of momentumReaction time, stopping distance and large decelerationsFactors affecting stopping distance and reaction time
Conservation of Energy
Waves
Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Topic overviewProperties of electromagnetic wavesInvestigating refraction in glass blocksThe groups of the electromagnetic spectrumThe continuous spectrum, and what our eyes can detectAbsorption, transmission and the velocity of electromagnetic wavesHow radiation is generated, and why danger rises with frequencyHarmful effects of excessive exposure to radiationUses of electromagnetic radiation
Radioactivity
Topic overviewThe atom and the size of atomsIsotopes, atomic number and mass numberRelative masses and charges of subatomic particlesElectron orbits and energy levelsForming ions, and how the atomic model changedTypes of ionising radiationBackground radiation and detecting radioactivityAlpha, beta and gamma, and their penetrating powerBeta-minus and beta-plus decayEffects of decay on atomic number and mass numberBalancing nuclear equationsActivity and the becquerelHalf-life and the randomness of decayHalf-life calculationsThe dangers of ionising radiationSafety precautions, contamination and irradiation
Energy – Forces Doing Work
Topic overviewEnergy stores and energy transfer diagramsChanging a system's energy, and measuring work doneWork done and the energy changes it causesGravitational potential and kinetic energy calculationsDissipation and wasted energyPower as the rate of energy transferThe watt, and calculating efficiency
Forces and Their Effects
Electricity and Circuits
Topic overviewThe atom, and drawing circuit diagramsSeries and parallel circuitsPotential difference and the voltmeterEnergy transferred by moving chargeCurrent, charge and measuring currentResistance and the equation V = IRResistors in series and in parallelDesigning circuits to test componentsInvestigating resistance in circuitsCurrent-potential difference graphs for componentsLight-dependent resistors and thermistorsThe heating effect of an electric currentUses of the heating effect, and the equation E = IVtPower as energy transferred per secondCalculating electrical powerEnergy transfer in domestic devices, and power ratingsDirect and alternating currentAlternating current and the UK mains supplyLive and neutral wires, earthing and fusesFuses in the live wire, mains voltages and electrical dangers
Magnetism and the Motor Effect
Topic overviewMagnetic poles, permanent and induced magnetsUses of magnetic materialsThe magnetic field around a bar magnetPlotting compasses and the Earth's magnetic fieldThe magnetic effect of an electric currentSolenoids and electromagnetsThe motor effect and Fleming's left-hand ruleThe force on a conductor in a magnetic field
Electromagnetic Induction
Particle Model
Topic overviewKinetic theory and differences in densityCalculating density, and investigating itChanges of state and internal energySpecific heat capacitySpecific latent heat and thermal insulationInvestigating the specific heat capacity of waterGas pressure and the motion of particlesAbsolute zero and the kelvin scale
Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Harmful effects of excessive exposure to radiation
- 3 things to know
- Paper 5
Overview
Harmful effects of excessive exposure to microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays, from internal heating and skin burns to skin cancer, eye damage and cell mutation, with sunbathing, radiographers and sunglasses as examples.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Describe the harmful effect on the body of excessive exposure to infrared.
Key term
Explain why sunbathing without protection carries a risk of skin cancer.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Describe the harmful effect on the body of excessive exposure to microwaves.
Model answer
Microwaves are absorbed by water in the body and cause internal heating of the body cells.
- 2
Describe the harmful effect on the body of excessive exposure to infrared.
Model answer
Infrared is absorbed at the skin and can cause skin burns.
- 3
Describe the harmful effects on the body of excessive exposure to ultraviolet.
Model answer
It damages surface cells and the eyes, which can lead to skin cancer and to eye conditions.
- 4
Describe the harmful effects on the body of excessive exposure to X-rays and gamma rays.
Model answer
They can cause mutation of cells or damage to cells inside the body.
- 5
Explain why sunbathing without protection carries a risk of skin cancer.
Model answer
Ultraviolet in sunlight damages the cells at the surface of the skin, and that damage can lead to cancer.
- 6
Explain why a radiographer stands behind a screen while an X-ray image is taken.
Model answer
Repeated exposure to X-rays could mutate or damage the radiographer's cells, so the total dose must be kept low.
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