Key term
OCR GCSE Biology A J247
Cell Level Systems
Topic overviewMicroscopy, and sub-cellular structuresDNA structure: polymer, double helix and nucleotidesEnzyme action, and investigating enzymesCellular respiration as an exothermic processAerobic and anaerobic respiration comparedSynthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipidsPhotosynthesis: producers and the processPhotosynthesis as endothermic, and investigating itLimiting factors in photosynthesis
Community Level Systems
Genes, Inheritance and Selection
Topic overviewGenetic terms, and the genomeGenome, environment and mutationsAsexual and sexual reproduction comparedHaploid, diploid and meiosisSingle gene inheritance and Punnett squaresSex determination, multiple genes and Mendel's workVariation within a population, and classificationNatural selection and evolutionEvidence for evolution, and the work of Darwin and Wallace
Global Challenges
Topic overviewField investigations, and human impact on ecosystemsMaintaining biodiversity, monitoring conservation and ecotourismFood security, agricultural and biotechnological solutionsSelective breeding and genetic engineeringHealth, disease, and types of diseaseInteractions between diseases, and how they spreadReducing the spread of disease, and named examplesPhysical and chemical plant defencesWhite blood cells, antibodies and plateletsNon-specific defences and the immune systemVaccines, medicines and aseptic techniqueDeveloping new medicines, and non-communicable diseaseTreating cardiovascular disease, and lifestyle factorsCancer, and the use of stem cells in medicineGene technology in medicine, and the human genome
Organism Level Systems
Topic overviewThe nervous system and coordinated responsesThe reflex arcThe eye and its common defectsThe structure and function of the brainHormones and the endocrine glandsHormones in reproduction and the menstrual cycleMethods of contraceptionTropisms, auxin and the roles of plant hormonesHomeostasis, and the skin in temperature controlInsulin and the control of blood glucoseType 1 and type 2 diabetesOsmotic changes in body fluids, and the kidneysKidney structure and the parts of the tubule
Scaling Up
Topic overviewDiffusion, osmosis and active transportMitosis, the cell cycle and cell differentiationStem cells in animals and meristems in plantsSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesThe circulatory system, the heart and blood vesselsRed blood cells and plasmaRoot hair cells, transpiration and translocationXylem and phloemFactors affecting water uptake, and the potometer
Cell Level Systems
Synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
How glucose builds starch and glycogen and why they are stored and broken down, amino acids as the monomers of proteins and why about twenty of them give so many proteins, the roles of proteins, lipids built from fatty acids and glycerol and broken down by lipase, why lipids store energy and their other uses, and the Benedict's, biuret and emulsion food tests.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Why do plants convert glucose into starch for storage?
Key term
What happens when a carbohydrate is broken down?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Which simple sugar is the monomer used to build carbohydrates such as starch?
Model answer
Glucose.
- 2
Describe starch in terms of monomers and polymers.
Model answer
Starch is a polymer made from many glucose monomers joined together in long chains.
- 3
Why do plants convert glucose into starch for storage?
Model answer
Starch is insoluble and compact, so it does not draw water into the cell and packs many glucose units into a small space.
- 4
What happens when a carbohydrate is broken down?
Model answer
The bonds between the sugar monomers are broken, releasing individual sugar molecules.
- 5
Which carbohydrate do animals store, and what is it built from?
Model answer
Glycogen, built from many glucose monomers joined together.
- 6
Why must stored starch be broken down before a cell can respire it?
Model answer
The polymer is too large to be respired, so it must first be split into glucose monomers.
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