Key term
OCR GCSE Biology A J247
Cell Level Systems
Topic overviewMicroscopy, and sub-cellular structuresDNA structure: polymer, double helix and nucleotidesEnzyme action, and investigating enzymesCellular respiration as an exothermic processAerobic and anaerobic respiration comparedSynthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipidsPhotosynthesis: producers and the processPhotosynthesis as endothermic, and investigating itLimiting factors in photosynthesis
Community Level Systems
Genes, Inheritance and Selection
Topic overviewGenetic terms, and the genomeGenome, environment and mutationsAsexual and sexual reproduction comparedHaploid, diploid and meiosisSingle gene inheritance and Punnett squaresSex determination, multiple genes and Mendel's workVariation within a population, and classificationNatural selection and evolutionEvidence for evolution, and the work of Darwin and Wallace
Global Challenges
Topic overviewField investigations, and human impact on ecosystemsMaintaining biodiversity, monitoring conservation and ecotourismFood security, agricultural and biotechnological solutionsSelective breeding and genetic engineeringHealth, disease, and types of diseaseInteractions between diseases, and how they spreadReducing the spread of disease, and named examplesPhysical and chemical plant defencesWhite blood cells, antibodies and plateletsNon-specific defences and the immune systemVaccines, medicines and aseptic techniqueDeveloping new medicines, and non-communicable diseaseTreating cardiovascular disease, and lifestyle factorsCancer, and the use of stem cells in medicineGene technology in medicine, and the human genome
Organism Level Systems
Topic overviewThe nervous system and coordinated responsesThe reflex arcThe eye and its common defectsThe structure and function of the brainHormones and the endocrine glandsHormones in reproduction and the menstrual cycleMethods of contraceptionTropisms, auxin and the roles of plant hormonesHomeostasis, and the skin in temperature controlInsulin and the control of blood glucoseType 1 and type 2 diabetesOsmotic changes in body fluids, and the kidneysKidney structure and the parts of the tubule
Scaling Up
Topic overviewDiffusion, osmosis and active transportMitosis, the cell cycle and cell differentiationStem cells in animals and meristems in plantsSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesThe circulatory system, the heart and blood vesselsRed blood cells and plasmaRoot hair cells, transpiration and translocationXylem and phloemFactors affecting water uptake, and the potometer
Organism Level Systems
Kidney structure and the parts of the tubule
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
The cortex, medulla and renal pelvis, the renal artery and vein, what a kidney tubule is and how many a kidney holds, filtration at the Bowman's capsule and why proteins and blood cells stay in the blood, reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule, the role of the loop of Henlé, and the collecting duct.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Which blood vessels carry blood into and out of a kidney?
Key term
What happens at the Bowman's capsule?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Name the regions seen when a kidney is cut in half from top to bottom.
Model answer
The cortex on the outside, the medulla beneath it, and the renal pelvis in the middle where urine collects before entering the ureter.
- 2
Which blood vessels carry blood into and out of a kidney?
Model answer
The renal artery brings blood in and the renal vein carries it away.
- 3
What is a kidney tubule and how many are there in a kidney?
Model answer
It is the microscopic unit in which blood is filtered and useful substances are reabsorbed, and each kidney contains about a million of them.
- 4
What happens at the Bowman's capsule?
Model answer
Blood in the knot of capillaries inside it is filtered under pressure, so water, glucose, urea and mineral ions pass into the capsule.
- 5
Why are proteins and blood cells absent from the filtrate in a healthy kidney?
Model answer
Their molecules and cells are too large to pass through the filter at the Bowman's capsule, so they stay in the blood.
- 6
What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Model answer
All of the glucose and much of the water and mineral ions are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood.
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