Key term
Edexcel GCSE Biology 1BI0
Key Concepts in Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotic and prokaryotic cellsSpecialised cells and their adaptationsMicroscopes and magnification calculationsSize, scale and units in cell biologyEnzyme action and denaturationFactors affecting enzyme activityEnzymes in synthesis and digestion, and rate calculationsFood tests and the energy in foodDiffusion, osmosis and active transportOsmosis in potatoes and percentage change in mass
Cells and Control
Topic overviewMitosis and the cell cycleWhy mitosis matters: growth, repair and cancerGrowth, differentiation and percentile chartsStem cells and their use in medicineThe structure and function of the brainNeurones, receptors and the reflex arcThe structure and function of the eyeEye defects and how they are corrected
Genetics
Topic overviewAsexual and sexual reproductionMeiosis and the formation of gametesDNA structure, genes and the genomeExtracting DNA from fruitMendel's work and the inheritance of blood groupsAlleles, genotype and phenotypeMonohybrid crosses and sex determinationProbability and ratios from genetic crossesCauses of variation: genes and environmentThe Human Genome ProjectGenetic variation and the effects of mutation
Natural Selection and Genetic Modification
Topic overviewDarwin, Wallace and the theory of evolutionNatural selection and antibiotic resistanceFossil evidence for human evolutionStone tool evidence for human evolutionThe pentadactyl limb and the three domainsSelective breedingTissue cultureGenetic engineering and modern agricultureBenefits and risks of GM organisms
Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines
Topic overviewHealth, disease and susceptibilityPathogens and common infectionsHow pathogens spread, and the virus life cycleSexually transmitted infectionsHow plants defend themselvesPhysical barriers and chemical defencesThe immune system, immunisation and herd immunityAntibiotics and developing new medicinesAseptic technique in culturing microorganismsTesting antiseptics and antibiotics on bacterial culturesLifestyle factors and non-communicable diseaseTreatments for cardiovascular disease
Plant Structures and Their Functions
Topic overviewPhotosynthesis as an endothermic reactionLimiting factors in photosynthesisLight intensity and the rate of photosynthesisRoot hair cells, xylem and phloemTranspiration and translocationLeaf structure for photosynthesis and gas exchangeFactors affecting the rate of transpirationPlant adaptations to extreme environmentsPlant hormones, phototropism and gravitropism
Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis
Topic overviewHormones, endocrine glands and homeostasisThe menstrual cycle and its hormonesHormonal and barrier contraceptionHomeostasis and thermoregulationControlling blood glucose, and type 1 diabetesType 2 diabetes and body massThe urinary system and the production of ureaThe nephron, filtration and selective reabsorptionTreating kidney failure: dialysis and transplants
Exchange and Transport in Animals
Topic overviewWhy multicellular organisms need exchange surfacesAlveoli and gas exchangeRate of diffusion and Fick's lawThe blood and its componentsArteries, veins and capillariesThe heart and the circulatory systemCellular respiration as an exothermic reactionAerobic and anaerobic respiration comparedInvestigating the rate of respirationCardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate
Ecosystems and Material Cycles
Topic overviewLevels of organisation and interdependenceAbiotic and biotic factors in a communityParasitism and mutualismSampling with quadrats and transectsEstimating population size from field dataEnergy transfer between trophic levelsHuman impact on ecosystems and biodiversityFood securityThe carbon cycleThe water and nitrogen cyclesFactors affecting the rate of decompositionCalculating the rate of decay
Plant Structures and Their Functions
Transpiration and translocation
- 3 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
Transpiration and the path of water from soil to air, how evaporation pulls water up the xylem, stomata and how guard cells open and close them, wilting, and the translocation of sucrose in the phloem from the leaves to growing regions and storage organs using energy from respiration.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Describe the path taken by water from the soil to the air outside a leaf.
Key term
What is transpiration?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is transpiration?
Model answer
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from a plant, mainly by evaporation from the leaf cells and diffusion out through the stomata.
- 2
Describe the path taken by water from the soil to the air outside a leaf.
Model answer
Water enters the root hair cells, travels up the xylem to the leaf, evaporates from the mesophyll cells and diffuses out through the stomata.
- 3
Explain how water is pulled up a tall plant even though the plant has no pump.
Model answer
Evaporation from the leaves creates a pull that draws the continuous column of water up the xylem from the roots.
- 4
Describe the structure and function of a stoma.
Model answer
A stoma is a small pore in the leaf surface, mostly on the underside, that lets carbon dioxide diffuse in and oxygen and water vapour diffuse out.
- 5
Explain how guard cells open a stoma.
Model answer
The guard cells take in water by osmosis and become turgid, and their change of shape pulls the pore between them open.
- 6
Explain why the stomata of most plants close at night and during a drought.
Model answer
The guard cells lose water and become flaccid, closing the pore, which conserves water at times when little or no photosynthesis is possible.
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