Key term
OCR GCSE Chemistry A J248
Chemical Reactions
Topic overviewWriting formulae of elements and compoundsBalanced equations, and deducing formulae from ionsIonic equations, and state symbolsThe mole and the Avogadro constantConservation of mass, and changes of mass in open systemsStoichiometry, and calculating reacting massesExothermic and endothermic reactions, and reaction profilesActivation energy, and bond energy calculationsOxidation and reduction, by oxygen and by electronsAcids, alkalis and neutralisationThe ionic equation for neutralisation, and reactions of acidsDilute and concentrated, weak and strongThe pH scale, and hydrogen ion concentrationpH as a factor of ten, and measuring pHProducts at the electrodes, and molten ionic compoundsElectrolysis of aqueous solutionsInert and non-inert electrodes
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Topic overviewPurity, and melting point dataRelative formula mass and empirical formulaeFormulations, and separating mixturesPaper and thin layer chromatographyInterpreting chromatograms and Rf valuesChoosing a purification methodMetals and non-metals in the Periodic TableElectron arrangement and position in the Periodic TableIonic, covalent and metallic bonding comparedDot and cross diagrams, and the limits of modelsReactions, electron arrangement and Mendeleev's tableCarbon's four bonds, and the variety of organic compoundsDiamond, graphite, fullerenes and grapheneBond strength, intermolecular forces and predicting stateBulk properties of ionic, molecular and giant structuresNanoparticles: size and surface area to volumeUses and risks of nanoparticulate materials
Global Challenges
Topic overviewExtracting metals by reduction and by electrolysisBiological methods of metal extractionRate against yield in industry, and reaction conditionsThe Haber process and fertiliser productionNitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in agricultureLife cycle assessmentRecycling, and the decisions behind itAlloys, and the corrosion of metalsComparing glass, ceramics, polymers, composites and metalsFunctional groups and homologous seriesPredicting the products of organic reactionsAddition polymerisationCondensation polymerisation, and making a polymerDNA and other natural polymersFractional distillation of crude oilThe fractions, and crude oil as a feedstockDependence on hydrocarbons, and crackingChemical cells and fuel cellsThe Earth's early atmosphere, and how oxygen developedThe greenhouse effect, and evidence for climate changeEffects of carbon dioxide and methane, and air pollutantsProducing potable water
Monitoring and Controlling Chemical Reactions
Topic overviewConcentration in mol/dm³, and titrationTitration calculations, and the mass of a soluteMolar gas volume and the volumes of gasesTheoretical mass and percentage yieldAtom economy, and choosing a reaction pathwayMeasuring the rate of a reaction, and rate graphsFactors affecting rate, and collision theorySurface area and rateCatalysts and how they workReversible reactions and dynamic equilibriumChanging the conditions of an equilibriumActivation energy, and enzymes as catalysts
Particles
Predicting and Identifying Reactions
Topic overviewGroups 1, 7 and 0, and why they behave as they doTransition metalsPredicting reactivity from the Periodic TableReactivity of metals with water and acidsTests for oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and chlorineTests for aqueous cations and anionsFlame tests, and identifying metal ionsIdentifying a species from test resultsInstrumental methods of analysis
Chemical Reactions
Acids, alkalis and neutralisation
- 3 things to know
- Paper 3
Overview
The hydrogen ions that acids release and the hydroxide ions in alkalis, common acids and alkalis with their formulae, what neutralisation, a base and an alkali are, naming salts and writing equations such as sodium chloride and copper(II) sulfate, and making a pure dry salt by adding an insoluble base in excess to warm dilute acid.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Which ion is present in every alkaline solution?
Key term
Name three common acids and state the ion they all release in water.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Which ion do all acids produce when they dissolve in water?
Model answer
The hydrogen ion, H⁺.
- 2
Which ion is present in every alkaline solution?
Model answer
The hydroxide ion, OH⁻.
- 3
What happens to hydrogen chloride when it dissolves in water?
Model answer
It splits into ions, giving H⁺(aq) and Cl⁻(aq).
- 4
Name three common acids and state the ion they all release in water.
Model answer
Hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acids, all of which release hydrogen ions.
- 5
What is an alkali?
Model answer
A base that dissolves in water, giving a solution containing hydroxide ions.
- 6
Name two common alkalis and give their formulae.
Model answer
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and potassium hydroxide, KOH.
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