Key term
OCR GCSE Chemistry A J248
Chemical Reactions
Topic overviewWriting formulae of elements and compoundsBalanced equations, and deducing formulae from ionsIonic equations, and state symbolsThe mole and the Avogadro constantConservation of mass, and changes of mass in open systemsStoichiometry, and calculating reacting massesExothermic and endothermic reactions, and reaction profilesActivation energy, and bond energy calculationsOxidation and reduction, by oxygen and by electronsAcids, alkalis and neutralisationThe ionic equation for neutralisation, and reactions of acidsDilute and concentrated, weak and strongThe pH scale, and hydrogen ion concentrationpH as a factor of ten, and measuring pHProducts at the electrodes, and molten ionic compoundsElectrolysis of aqueous solutionsInert and non-inert electrodes
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
Topic overviewPurity, and melting point dataRelative formula mass and empirical formulaeFormulations, and separating mixturesPaper and thin layer chromatographyInterpreting chromatograms and Rf valuesChoosing a purification methodMetals and non-metals in the Periodic TableElectron arrangement and position in the Periodic TableIonic, covalent and metallic bonding comparedDot and cross diagrams, and the limits of modelsReactions, electron arrangement and Mendeleev's tableCarbon's four bonds, and the variety of organic compoundsDiamond, graphite, fullerenes and grapheneBond strength, intermolecular forces and predicting stateBulk properties of ionic, molecular and giant structuresNanoparticles: size and surface area to volumeUses and risks of nanoparticulate materials
Global Challenges
Topic overviewExtracting metals by reduction and by electrolysisBiological methods of metal extractionRate against yield in industry, and reaction conditionsThe Haber process and fertiliser productionNitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in agricultureLife cycle assessmentRecycling, and the decisions behind itAlloys, and the corrosion of metalsComparing glass, ceramics, polymers, composites and metalsFunctional groups and homologous seriesPredicting the products of organic reactionsAddition polymerisationCondensation polymerisation, and making a polymerDNA and other natural polymersFractional distillation of crude oilThe fractions, and crude oil as a feedstockDependence on hydrocarbons, and crackingChemical cells and fuel cellsThe Earth's early atmosphere, and how oxygen developedThe greenhouse effect, and evidence for climate changeEffects of carbon dioxide and methane, and air pollutantsProducing potable water
Monitoring and Controlling Chemical Reactions
Topic overviewConcentration in mol/dm³, and titrationTitration calculations, and the mass of a soluteMolar gas volume and the volumes of gasesTheoretical mass and percentage yieldAtom economy, and choosing a reaction pathwayMeasuring the rate of a reaction, and rate graphsFactors affecting rate, and collision theorySurface area and rateCatalysts and how they workReversible reactions and dynamic equilibriumChanging the conditions of an equilibriumActivation energy, and enzymes as catalysts
Particles
Predicting and Identifying Reactions
Topic overviewGroups 1, 7 and 0, and why they behave as they doTransition metalsPredicting reactivity from the Periodic TableReactivity of metals with water and acidsTests for oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and chlorineTests for aqueous cations and anionsFlame tests, and identifying metal ionsIdentifying a species from test resultsInstrumental methods of analysis
Global Challenges
Extracting metals by reduction and by electrolysis
- 3 things to know
- Paper 4
Overview
Reduction by carbon for metals below carbon, the blast furnace and its raw materials, why aluminium needs electrolysis, bauxite and cryolite, the electrodes in aluminium extraction, and the cost of each method.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What does the position of a metal relative to carbon in the reactivity series tell you about how it can be extracted?
Key term
Why is carbon able to remove the oxygen from iron oxide?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What does the position of a metal relative to carbon in the reactivity series tell you about how it can be extracted?
Model answer
A metal less reactive than carbon can be extracted by heating its ore with carbon, while a more reactive metal cannot.
- 2
Why is carbon able to remove the oxygen from iron oxide?
Model answer
Carbon is more reactive than iron, so it takes the oxygen from the iron oxide and is itself oxidised.
- 3
In terms of oxygen, what happens to a metal oxide when it is reduced by carbon?
Model answer
The metal oxide loses its oxygen to the carbon, leaving the metal behind.
- 4
Name the raw materials fed into a blast furnace to extract iron.
Model answer
Iron ore, coke, limestone and hot air.
- 5
Which gas formed inside a blast furnace does most of the reducing of the iron ore?
Model answer
Carbon monoxide.
- 6
Give a word equation for the reduction of iron(III) oxide by carbon.
Model answer
Iron(III) oxide + carbon → iron + carbon dioxide.
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