Edexcel GCSE Combined Science Chemistry 1SC0

Key Concepts in Chemistry

Topic overview Formulae, word equations and balanced equations Hazard symbols and assessing risk The changing model of the atom Protons, neutrons and electrons The nucleus, mass number and atomic mass Elements and isotopes Calculating particle numbers and relative atomic mass Mendeleev's periodic table How the modern periodic table is arranged Electronic configuration and the periodic table How ionic bonds form Ions in ionic compounds Formulae of ionic compounds Naming compounds and the ionic lattice Covalent bonds and molecules Dot and cross diagrams for simple molecules Classifying substances and the properties of ionic compounds Properties of simple molecular substances, and forms of carbon Graphite and diamond Fullerenes and graphene Polymers and models of bonding The properties of metals Relative formula mass and percentage composition Empirical and molecular formulae Conservation of mass in closed and open systems Reacting masses from balanced equations Concentration in grams per cubic decimetre

States of Matter and Mixtures

Topic overview The three states of matter and changes of state Energy changes during changes of state, and predicting state Pure substances and melting point data Choosing a separation technique Separating a mixture in practice Paper chromatography and interpreting a chromatogram Investigating inks by distillation and chromatography Making water potable

Chemical Changes

Topic overview Acids, alkalis and the pH scale Indicators: litmus, methyl orange and phenolphthalein Investigating pH change when neutralising an acid Bases and alkalis Reactions of acids, and testing for hydrogen and carbon dioxide Neutralisation and its ionic equation Preparing soluble salts from insoluble and soluble reactants Preparing pure, dry copper sulfate crystals Carrying out an acid-alkali titration Solubility rules Predicting precipitates and preparing an insoluble salt Electrolytes and what electrolysis is Movement of ions and predicting the products of molten electrolysis Electrolysis with inert electrodes Electrolysis of copper sulfate solution Investigating the electrolysis of copper sulfate

Extracting Metals and Equilibria

Topic overview Investigating the reactivity of metals The reactivity series Ores, oxidation and reduction Choosing a method to extract a metal Corrosion resistance and recycling metals Life cycle assessment Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium The Haber process and its conditions

Groups in the Periodic Table

Topic overview The groups of the periodic table, and the alkali metals Reactions of the alkali metals with water The pattern in alkali metal reactivity and why it happens Physical properties of the halogens The test for chlorine, and halogens reacting with metals Hydrogen halides, and explaining halogen reactivity Displacement reactions of the halogens Group 0: the noble gases

Rates of Reaction and Energy Changes

Topic overview Investigating the rate of a reaction Measuring rate and interpreting rate graphs Collision theory and factors affecting rate Catalysts and enzymes Exothermic and endothermic changes Bond breaking, bond making and the overall energy change Activation energy and reaction profiles

Fuels and Earth Science

Topic overview Hydrocarbons and crude oil Fractional distillation and the fractions Properties of the fractions and homologous series Complete and incomplete combustion Carbon monoxide and soot Pollutants and acid rain Hydrogen and fossil fuels compared Cracking and why it is necessary The Earth's early atmosphere How the oceans formed and how oxygen appeared The test for oxygen and the greenhouse gases Today's atmosphere and evidence for climate change

Key Concepts in Chemistry

Covalent bonds and molecules

2 things to know
Papers 3 and 4

Overview

How covalent bonds form when non-metal atoms share electron pairs and why they are strong, single, double and triple bonds, what a molecule is, and the size of a small molecule in powers of ten and nanometres.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Process

How is a covalent bond formed?

Key term

Why is a covalent bond strong?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
How is a covalent bond formed?
Model answer
A covalent bond forms when two atoms share a pair of electrons.
2
Between which types of element does covalent bonding usually occur?
Model answer
It usually occurs between non-metal atoms.
3
Why is a covalent bond strong?
Model answer
The shared pair of electrons is strongly attracted to the nuclei of both atoms at once.
4
How many electrons make up a single covalent bond?
Model answer
Two electrons make up a single bond, usually one from each atom.
5
What does a double covalent bond consist of?
Model answer
A double bond consists of two shared pairs, that is four electrons.
6
Why do atoms share electrons when they form a covalent bond?
Model answer
Sharing gives each atom a full outer shell.

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Key Concepts in Chemistry

States of Matter and Mixtures

Chemical Changes

Extracting Metals and Equilibria

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Hydrogen is formed.

chloridebromideiodide

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AChlorine is a pale green gas at room temperature.

BBromine is a red-brown liquid at room temperature.

CIodine is a dark grey solid at room temperature.

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A neutral solution has a pH of 7.

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