Component 1
Breadth study
- One option from 1A to 1L
- Evaluation of three extracts giving historical interpretations
- Two essays from a choice of three
2 hours 30 minutes80 marks40%
AQA A-Level History, memorised fast.
Long notes are boring. Brain-hack the whole 7042 specification with active recall and actually remember it.
- Spec 7042
- 30 topics
- 748 subtopics
AQA A-Level History 7042
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204
Topic overviewThe Church, the Seljuk Turks and Byzantium before the CrusadesManzikert and the Call of the First CrusadeThe First Crusade: Motives and CampaignThe Kings of Jerusalem and the Early Crusader StatesThe Knights Templar and the HospitallersThe Crusader States, Byzantium and the Latin WestZengi and the Fall of EdessaThe Second CrusadeNur ad-Din and the Muslim Counter-CrusadeOutremer and the Four Crusader StatesCastles and the Weakening of OutremerBaldwin IV and the Divisions within OutremerSaladin and the Fall of JerusalemAudita Tremendi and the Third CrusadeRivalries and Divisions on the Third CrusadeThe Treaty of Jaffa and the Outcome of the Third CrusadeInnocent III and the Launch of the Fourth CrusadeThe Crusaders at Constantinople, 1203-04The Sack of Constantinople and the Latin Empire
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598
Topic overviewThe Kingdoms of Iberia in 1469Ferdinand, Isabella and the NobilityForeign Policy, Society and the Church under Ferdinand and IsabellaThe Inquisition, the Jews and the Fall of GranadaThe Alpujarras Revolt, the Economy and Overseas ExpansionThe Casa de Contratacion, Navarre and Spain by 1516The Inheritance of Charles VImperial Ideology and Conciliar GovernmentCharles V's Wars, Absences and Religious PolicyThe Conquest of the Americas and the Price RevolutionCharles V's Abdication and Spain by 1556Philip II: Character and Style of GovernmentCourt Factions, the Morisco Revolt and the Perez AffairDon Carlos, the Jesuits and the InquisitionPhilip II, the Papacy and Royal FinancesThe Escorial and the Spanish Golden AgeSpain's Strengths and Weaknesses by 1598Philip II's Inheritance in 1556The Burdens of Empire and the Spanish TerciosLepanto and the Annexation of PortugalThe Dutch Revolt and the Spanish ArmadaSpanish America and the Cost of Empire
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603
Topic overviewHenry VII's Claim to the ThroneHenry VII's Councils and GovernmentHenry VII's Finances, the Nobility and Foreign PolicyPretenders and Rebellions under Henry VIISociety and the Economy under Henry VIIReligion, Humanism and the Arts under Henry VIIHenry VIII: Character and AimsWolsey, Cromwell and the Break with RomeThe Dissolution, Foreign Policy and Henry VIII's WivesThe Ranks of Tudor SocietyThe Pilgrimage of Grace, Wales and the Henrician EconomyHumanism and Religious Change under Henry VIIIEdward VI and Somerset's ProtectorateThe 1549 Prayer Book and the Act of UniformityThe 1549 Rebellions and the Fall of SomersetMary I and the Return to RomeThe End of Mary's Reign and Elizabeth's AccessionEarly Elizabethan Finance and the Statute of ArtificersThe Mid-Tudor Crisis DebateThe Elizabethan Court and William CecilThe Succession and Mary, Queen of ScotsThe War with Spain, Rebellion and PovertyElizabethan Trade and the New Trading CompaniesThe Religious Settlement and the Puritan ChallengeThe Elizabethan Renaissance and the Cult of GlorianaElizabeth's Final Years and England by 1603
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Topic overviewThe Political Nation, Divine Right and James ICourt, Crown Finance and Religious Division, 1603-1629Disputes between Crown and ParliamentArminianism, Puritanism and the Revenues of the Personal RuleThe Personal Rule, the Long Parliament and the Road to WarThe First Civil WarThe Second Civil War and the LevellersThe Army, Parliament and the RegicideCromwell in Ireland and ScotlandMillenarianism and Barebone's ParliamentThe Protectorate and the Major-GeneralsThe Restoration and Charles II's MinistersThe Rise of Court and CountryThe Clarendon Code, Dissent and Fears of CatholicismThe Exclusion CrisisJames II's Catholic and Absolutist PoliciesThe Glorious Revolution of 1688The Revolution in Ireland and the Rise of the WhigsThe Revolution Settlement and Religious Toleration
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796
Topic overviewRussian Society and Government in 1682The Succession Crisis of 1682 and the StreltsyPeter's Western Interests, the Great Embassy and St PetersburgPeter I's Early Economic, Political and Military ReformsOpposition to Peter's Reforms and the Streltsy RevoltThe Azov Campaigns and the Battle of NarvaThe Poll Tax and State MonopoliesThe Holy Synod, the Senate and Church ReformThe Colleges, Provincial Government and the Table of RanksWesternisation, Opposition and Peter's Legacy by 1725The Great Northern War and Peter's Foreign PolicyThe Service State under Peter the GreatThe Supreme Privy Council, the Guards and Empress ElizabethElizabeth, the Service State and Foreign Policy, 1725-1762Peter III and Catherine II's Seizure of PowerThe Legislative Commission and Catherine's Government ReformsThe Charter to the Nobility and Catherine's Education ReformsSerfdom and Toleration under Catherine IIPlots and the Pugachev RevoltCatherine II's Wars and the Partitions of Poland
1F Industrialisation and the People: Britain, c1783–1885
Topic overviewThe British Political System in 1783Pitt the Younger and His MinistriesPitt's Financial and Trade ReformsEarly Industrialisation: Textiles, Iron and SteamEnclosure and Agricultural ChangeSocial Classes, Working Conditions and the Old Poor LawThe French Revolution and British RadicalismThe Irish Rebellion of 1798 and the Act of UnionThe Wars with France and the Home FrontLuddism and Britain by 1812Lord Liverpool, the Corn Laws and PeterlooCanning, Wellington and Catholic EmancipationTextiles, Iron, Coal and the Common LandsUrbanisation and Working-Class DiscontentRadicals, Abolitionists and the Rise of MethodismThe Great Reform Act of 1832Grey, Melbourne and Whig ReformThe Factory Act, the New Poor Law and Whig Reforms, 1833-1835Education Grants, Chartism and the Anti-Corn Law LeagueFactory Reform, Public Health and Working-Class LifePeel's Reforms, Railway Mania and Corn Law RepealThe Peelites and the Birth of the Liberal PartyGladstonian Liberalism and Disraeli's ReformsThe Second and Third Reform ActsChartism and Its DeclineIrish Nationalism, Home Rule and the Victorian EconomyVictorian Values, New Model Unions and EducationBritain's Position by 1885Irish Land Reform and the Liberal Unionists
1G Challenge and Transformation: Britain, c1851–1964
Topic overviewParliament and the Franchise before 1867The Second Reform Act, Gladstone and DisraeliThe Workshop of the World, Free Trade and Agricultural DepressionClass and Region in Victorian BritainThe Domestic Reforms of Gladstone and DisraeliIreland, the Great Famine and the Land QuestionGladstone's Home Rule Bill and Its OpponentsConservative Dominance before 1905Socialism and the Birth of the Labour PartyNew Liberalism, the People's Budget and the Parliament ActThe Great Depression, Industrial Decline and Tariff ReformNew Unionism, the Great Unrest and Women's SuffrageLiving Standards, Poverty and the Liberal Welfare ReformsThe Home Rule Movement and the Irish PartyThe Decline of the Liberal PartyThe National Governments and the Fascist ChallengeThe Staple Industries and the General StrikeWomen's Work and Interwar Living StandardsIreland and Northern Ireland, 1916-1964Churchill, 1945 and Labour's ProgrammeLabour Divisions and the Conservative EstablishmentWartime Mobilisation and the Post-War BoomRationing, Affluence and Commonwealth ImmigrationBeveridge, the Welfare State and Education
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Topic overviewAutocracy and Serfdom in 1855The Emancipation of the Serfs and Alexander II's ReformsReform, Reaction and the Death of Alexander IIPobedonostsev and RussificationLiberals, Populists and the Tsarist PoliceEconomy and Society after EmancipationNicholas II, Bloody Sunday and the Fundamental LawsThe Dumas, Stolypin and Witte's IndustrialisationWorkers, Peasants and the Grain TradeLiberals, Socialist Revolutionaries and MarxistsThe First World War and the February RevolutionLenin's Return and the October RevolutionLenin's Ideology, War Communism and KronstadtThe New Economic Policy and the Ban on FactionsStalin's Rise and the Power StruggleTerror, the 1936 Constitution and CollectivisationThe Five Year PlansInternal Passports, the Gulag and Soviet SocietyThe Party Oppositions and the Moscow Show TrialsThe Great Purges and the USSR by 1941Barbarossa and the Soviet War EffortHigh Stalinism and the Succession to StalinThe Secret Speech and the Anti-Party GroupSoviet Economic Policy from Stalin to KhrushchevThe Thaw, the Fall of Khrushchev and the USSR by 1964
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967
Topic overviewThe Suez Canal and the Occupation of EgyptThe Indian Mutiny and the Government of India ActThe Scramble for Africa and the Chartered CompaniesMissionaries, the Civilising Mission and Party Attitudes to EmpireThe Boers, the Zulu War and Southern AfricaExpansion in Africa and the Government of IndiaLord Cromer and the Veiled Protectorate in EgyptIndirect Rule and the Entente CordialeChamberlain, Tariff Reform and Cecil RhodesThe Justifications for Empire and National EfficiencyExhibitions, Youth Movements and Popular ImperialismThe Boer War and the Union of South AfricaThe Mandates and the Empire after the Great WarThe Dominions, Imperial Defence and Imperial CultureGandhi and Colonial Nationalism between the WarsThe Independence of Britain's Colonies after 1945Africanisation, the Suez Crisis and the Cold WarThe Commonwealth and Britain's Post-War WeaknessNationalist Leaders and the Case for EmpirePost-Colonial Ties, Migration and the Legacy of EmpireIndependence Talks, Mau Mau and the Wind of ChangePost-War Nationalist Movements and British ResponsesRhodesia and UDI
1K The Making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975
Topic overviewJohnson, Grant and Radical ReconstructionThe Redeemers and the Gilded Age PresidentsThe Post-Reconstruction South and Jim CrowThe Railroad Boom and Big Business in the Gilded AgeThe Closing of the Frontier and Gilded Age Foreign PolicyThe Populist Movement and the People's PartyProgressivism and Roosevelt's Square DealWilson's New Freedom and America's Economic RiseImmigration, Urban Growth and SegregationAmerican Imperialism and the War of 1898Neutrality and Entry into the First World WarAmerican Society and Industrial Power by 1920Republican Government in the 1920sThe First and Second New DealsThe Boom of the 1920s and the Wall Street CrashThe Jazz Age, Women and ProhibitionThe Depression and the Second World War at HomeThe American Regions and Southern DiscriminationThe Klan's Decline and American IsolationismTruman's Fair Deal and EisenhowerThe New Frontier, the Great Society and NixonThe Post-War Boom, the GI Bill and the Consumer SocietyMcCarthyism, Youth Culture and the Anti-War MovementThe Civil Rights MovementThe Cold War and VietnamThe United States by 1975
1L The Quest for Political Stability: Germany, 1871–1991
Topic overviewThe States of the German Empire in 1871The Constitution of 1871: Bundesrat and ReichstagBismarck's Domestic PoliciesWilhelm II and WeltpolitikGerman Industrial Power before 1914The Burgertum and the Prestige of the EliteWorkers, Pressure Groups and Germany by 1914War, Revolution and the Weimar Constitution, 1914-1919Reparations, Putsches and the Crisis of 1923Stresemann, the Dawes Plan and LocarnoThe Slump and the Fall of the Grand CoalitionThe Enabling Act, the Night of the Long Knives and the Terror StateThe Four Year Plan and the VolksgemeinschaftGermany at War and the HolocaustOccupation and the Division of Germany, 1945-1949Adenauer and the Basic LawBad Godesberg and the Grand CoalitionProtest, the Economic Miracle and West German SocietyReunification and Its Consequences
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216
Topic overviewThe Anarchy and the Legacy Henry II InheritedHenry II's Challenges and Early ReformsThe Church and the Angevin EmpireHenry II, Becket and IrelandThe Great Rebellion and the Management of the BaronsPhilip II and the Last Years of Henry IIRichard I and the CrusadeGovernment, Society and the Jews under Richard IRichard's War with Philip II and His DeathThe Accession and Character of King JohnJohn's Finances, Hubert Walter and the InterdictThe Loss of NormandyJohn in Scotland, Ireland and WalesBouvines, Magna Carta and the Death of John
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499
Topic overviewHenry VI, Cade's Rebellion and the Loss of NormandyRichard of York and His Claim to the ThroneThe Protectorates, St Albans and the Uneasy PeaceThe War of the Barons and TowtonEdward IV and the Woodville MarriageWarwick, Margaret of Anjou and the ReadeptionBarnet, Tewkesbury and the Impact of the WarsEdward IV's Second Reign and Royal FinanceThe Rise of the Woodvilles and Court FactionTrade, Society and Regional Power under Edward IVThe Succession Crisis of 1483Richard III and the Princes in the TowerThe Battle of BosworthLovell, Lambert Simnel and Stoke FieldMargaret of Burgundy and the Yorkist PretendersThe Economic Cost of the Wars and Recovery by 1499
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Topic overviewPapal Supremacy and the Church HierarchySalvation and the Seven SacramentsCorruption, Humanism and Demands for Reform before 1517The Holy Roman Empire and Its ElectorsThe Imperial Diet, the Young Luther and the 95 ThesesThe Disputations, Luther's Theology and the 1520 TreatisesLuther in Print, Excommunication and the Diet of WormsKarlstadt, the Zwickau Prophets and Luther's ReturnZwingli, the Eucharist and the Knights' RevoltThe German Peasants' WarThe Swiss Reformation, the Kappel Wars and MarburgThe Diets of Speyer, the Augsburg Confession and MelanchthonThe Radical Reformation and the AnabaptistsThe Schmalkaldic LeagueThe Formation of John CalvinCalvin in Geneva and the Ecclesiastical OrdinancesThe Consensus Tigurinus and Reformed ReligionLuther's Death and the Schmalkaldic WarThe Peace of AugsburgThe Reforming Popes, the Inquisition and the JesuitsThe Council of Trent and the Catholic Reformation
2D Religious Conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570
Topic overviewThe English Church and Its Wealth in 1529Humanism and the Call for Church ReformHenry VIII's Great MatterThe Reformation Parliament and the Break with RomeReformist and Conservative Factions at CourtFaction, Diplomacy and the DissolutionThe Reasons for and Effects of the DissolutionThe Pilgrimage of GraceThe Ten Articles, the Six Articles and the King's BookReligion and War in Henry VIII's Last YearsSomerset's Protectorate and Northumberland's RiseCranmer, the Prayer Books and the Chantries ActMary I's Accession and Her Religious AimsCatholic Restoration, Persecution and Opposition under MaryElizabeth I's Settlement and the Peace with FranceThe Act of Uniformity, Enforcement and the Vestiarian ControversyMary Queen of Scots and the Rising of the Northern Earls
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660
Topic overviewJames I's Legacy and Charles I's KingshipCharles I, Buckingham and the Petition of RightThe Personal Rule and Its MinistersLaud's Reforms and Protestant FearsThe Scottish Prayer Book and Thorough in IrelandPuritan Emigration, the National Covenant and the First Bishops' WarThe Bishops' Wars and the Recall of ParliamentCharles I and the Parliamentary Opposition in 1640John Pym and the Long ParliamentDeadlock, the Fall of Strafford and the Irish RebellionThe Attempt on the Five MembersThe Militia Ordinance and the Drift to WarThe Nineteen Propositions and the Outbreak of WarRoyalist Strengths at the Outbreak of WarRoyalist Weaknesses and War FinanceParliament's Commanders and the Wealth of LondonThe Solemn League, Marston Moor and the New Model ArmyNaseby, Popular Radicalism and the PressPresbyterians, Independents and the Captive KingThe Politicisation of the Army and the LevellersThe Sects, the Heads of the Proposals and the King's EscapeThe Engagement and the Second Civil WarPride's Purge and the RegicideThe Third Civil War: Dunbar and WorcesterRadical Sects, the Rump and Barebone's ParliamentCromwell, the Instrument of Government and the CrownThe Collapse of the Protectorate and the Restoration
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715
Topic overviewRichelieu and the Regency of Anne of AustriaMazarin, the Parlement and the FrondesWestphalia and the Treaty of the PyreneesThe Start of Personal Rule and France in 1661Louis XIV's Conception of KingshipThe Royal Council, the Intendants and VersaillesColbert, Mercantilism and the Royal AcademiesThe Huguenots and the Edict of FontainebleauGloire, Foreign Policy Aims and Louvois's ArmyThe Decline of Spain and Louis XIV's Wars to 1684The Strengths and Weaknesses of Personal RuleFrench Finances and the Cost of WarGallicanism, Jansenism and the HuguenotsFrench Society and Popular Unrest under Louis XIVWilliam of Orange and the Anglo-Dutch AllianceThe Nine Years WarThe Spanish Succession and the Will of Charles IIRamillies, Malplaquet and the Crisis of 1709The Treaty of UtrechtThe Death of Louis XIV and His Legacy
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801
Topic overviewMercantilism, Salutary Neglect and the Colonies in 1760The Thirteen Colonies and the Impact of the Seven Years WarFrom the Proclamation of 1763 to the Boston Tea PartyThe Intolerable Acts of 1774The First Continental CongressCommon Sense and the Organisation of ResistanceGeneral Gage and the Road to LexingtonThe Declaration of IndependenceBritish Strengths and Weaknesses in 1776American Strengths and Weaknesses in the WarThe Limits of British Power and the French AllianceFrench Intervention, the Chesapeake and Spain's EntrySpain, Congress and British Failures in the WarWashington and the Continental ArmyThe Surrender at YorktownThe Articles of Confederation and Post-War ProblemsThe Presidencies of Washington and AdamsThe Alien and Sedition Acts and Hamilton's ProgrammeThe Birth of the Party SystemFederalists, Republicans and the Election of 1800
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815
Topic overviewLouis XVI and French AbsolutismThe Three Estates and Seigneurial RightsTaxation and the Weaknesses of the Ancien RegimeThe Philosophes and the EnlightenmentThe Financial Crisis of the Ancien RegimeCalonne and the Assembly of NotablesThe Crisis of 1788 and the Estates-GeneralThe Cahiers and the Opening of the Estates-GeneralThe National Assembly and the Fall of the BastilleThe Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the Constitution of 1791The Political Clubs, Varennes and the Fall of the MonarchyThe Founding of the RepublicThe Execution of Louis XVI, the Vendee and the Federalist RevoltThe Levee en Masse and the Coming of the TerrorThe Fall of the Factions and the Great TerrorThermidor and the Dismantling of the TerrorVendemiaire and the DirectoryThe Rise of BonaparteThe Coup of BrumaireThe Constitution of the Year VIIIThe Imperial Nobility and the Legion of HonourEducation and the Position of Women under NapoleonCensorship and Propaganda under NapoleonThe Concordat and Napoleon's Relations with the PapacyThe Civil Code and the Napoleonic CodesPrefects and Centralised AdministrationThe Police, the Prisons and the Bank of FranceNapoleonic Taxation, the Currency and the Continental SystemThe Cost of War and the Napoleonic EconomyThe Grande Armee and the Grand EmpireJena, Friedland and the Treaties of TilsitThe Peninsular War, Russia and the Fall of Napoleon
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877
Topic overviewFederalism and States' RightsThe Northern Economy by 1845Cotton, Plantations and the Southern EconomyThe Missouri Compromise and the Nullification CrisisManifest Destiny and the Compromise of 1850The Fugitive Slave Law, Abolitionism and Pro-Slavery ArgumentsThe Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding KansasThe Formation of the Republican PartyDred Scott, the Lincoln-Douglas Debates and Harper's FerryThe Election of 1860, Secession and Fort SumterConfederate Strengths and the Union's NumbersLee, States' Rights and King CottonUnion Strengths, Lincoln, Grant and ShermanThe Course of the Civil War, 1861-1865Why the Confederacy Lost and the Destruction of the SouthThe War's Legacy and the Death of LincolnThe Emancipation Proclamation and Lincoln's PlanRadical Republicans and Presidential ReconstructionGrant's Presidency and the Fifteenth AmendmentThe Reconstruction Acts, Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941
Topic overviewHow Britain and France Made Foreign PolicyThe Economic and Military Strength of the Great PowersThe Scramble for Africa and Great Power RivalryBalkan Nationalism and Austria-HungaryThe Naval Race, the Arms Race and War PlansThe Moroccan CrisesThe Entente Cordiale and the Triple EntenteThe Decline of the Ottoman EmpireThe Bosnian Crisis of 1908The Balkan WarsSarajevo and the Austrian UltimatumMobilisation and the Schlieffen PlanThe July CrisisItaly, the USA and the Widening WarRevolution in Russia and the Collapse of GermanyThe Collapse of the Habsburg and Ottoman EmpiresClemenceau, Wilson and the Aims of the PeacemakersLloyd George and the Treaty of VersaillesSaint-Germain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sevres and LausanneAmerican Isolation and the League of NationsSoviet Russia, Rapallo and the Corfu IncidentThe Ruhr Occupation and Europe by 1923Locarno and the Dawes PlanThe Depression, the Revisionist Powers and the Failure of the LeagueHitler's Foreign Policy Aims and the RhinelandNon-Intervention in Spain and Aggression in AsiaAppeasement and the Czech CrisisPoland, the Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Outbreak of WarBarbarossa, Pearl Harbor and Global War
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945
Topic overviewA Young Kingdom: North, South and the RisorgimentoThe Italian Monarchy and the Narrow FranchiseGiolitti and the Gentiloni PactIndustrial Growth, Socialism and Labour UnrestNationalism, Futurism and the Triple AllianceIntervention in 1915 and Italy's War AimsThe Isonzo Front and CaporettoThe Home Front and the Peace SettlementFiume and the Mutilated VictoryPost-War Crisis and Political InstabilityThe Biennio Rosso and the Fascist ResponseThe March on Rome and Mussolini's AppointmentWhy the Elites Accepted MussoliniFascist Ideology, the Ras and the Cult of the DuceThe Grand Council, the Acerbo Law and the Matteotti CrisisBuilding the Dictatorship, 1925-1926Corfu, Fiume and the Consolidation of PowerPress, Radio and Film under FascismThe Balilla, the Dopolavoro and the 1938 Race LawsThe Corporate State and the Charter of LabourThe Church, Women and Society under FascismMare Nostrum and Mussolini's Imperial AmbitionsAbyssinia, Spain and the Road to the Pact of SteelItaly's Entry into the War and Early DefeatsDefeat in Russia and the Italian Home FrontThe Grandi Resolution and the Fall of Mussolini
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957
Topic overviewThe Liberal Landslide of 1906 and New LiberalismThe Lib-Lab Pact, Tariff Reform and the Edwardian EconomyEdwardian Class, Poverty and the People's BudgetThe Liberal Welfare ReformsThe Parliament Act, Women's Suffrage and Home RuleThe Labour Unrest of 1910 to 1914The Wartime Coalitions and the Liberal SplitThe War Economy, DORA and Post-War IndustryWomen's War Work, the Vote and ConscriptionThe War Poets, the Easter Rising and Irish IndependenceLiberal Decline, the First Labour Government and BaldwinThe Return to Gold, the Coal Crisis and the General StrikeThe Divided Regions, Women and Culture in the 1920sThe Flapper Vote and the 1929 ElectionThe Second Labour Government and the SlumpThe Formation of the National GovernmentThe Crisis of 1931, the Gold Standard and ProtectionThe Means Test and the Depths of the SlumpThe Peace Ballot, the Abdication and the LeftMosley and the British Union of FascistsThe Fall of Chamberlain and Churchill's Wartime LeadershipThe Wartime Economy and Bevin's Direction of LabourConscription, Women's War Work and EvacuationInternment, Rationing and PropagandaThe BlitzThe Beveridge Report and the Butler Education ActThe 1945 Election and Attlee's Labour ProgrammeBritain's Post-War Debt and the Export DriveLabour's Nationalisation ProgrammeNational Insurance, National Assistance and Family AllowancesThe National Health ServiceHousing, the New Towns and the Festival of BritainAusterity, Korea and the Bevanite SplitThe Industrial Charter and the New ConservatismConservative Leadership from Churchill to MacmillanConsensus, Affluence and Social Change in the 1950s
2N Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953
Topic overviewTsarism and the Strain of War by 1917The February RevolutionThe Provisional Government and the April ThesesThe October RevolutionThe First Decrees, the Constituent Assembly and the Leaders of 1917The Cheka and the Rise of One-Party RuleBrest-Litovsk and the Causes of the Civil WarTrotsky and the Building of the Red ArmyWhy the Reds Won the Civil WarBolshevik Social Reform, War Communism and the Red TerrorTambov and KronstadtThe New Economic PolicyForeign Intervention, the Comintern and Soviet DiplomacyLenin's Death, His Testament and the Contenders for PowerPermanent Revolution and Socialism in One CountryThe Defeat of the Oppositions and the Great TurnThe Stalin Cult and Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1920sCollectivisation and the Collective FarmsThe Five Year PlansThe Costs of Planning, the Stalin Cult and Socialist RealismCinema, Schooling and the Soviet Economy by 1941Stalinism and the Machinery of TerrorThe Show Trials, the 1936 Constitution and the YezhovshchinaMass Terror and the Purge of the Red ArmyThe Gulag and the End of the PurgesReligion, Women and the Family under StalinSoviet Foreign Policy and the Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1929-1941Barbarossa and the Great Patriotic WarHigh Stalinism and the Post-War TerrorThe USSR as a Superpower and the Soviet Bloc
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945
Topic overviewThe Collapse of 1918 and the Kiel MutinyThe Weimar Constitution and the Terms of VersaillesThe Military Terms of Versailles and German ReactionsThe Ruhr Occupation and the Hyperinflation of 1923The Spartacist Uprising and the FreikorpsThe Ruhr Crisis, the Courts and the Munich PutschThe Munich Putsch and Weimar's CoalitionsStresemann and the Dawes PlanWeimar Culture: Bauhaus, Art and TheatreHindenburg's Election and the Golden YearsStresemann's Foreign Policy and LocarnoThe Wall Street Crash and the German BanksBruning's Deflation and the Nazi Electoral BreakthroughNazi Propaganda, the SA and Nazi AppealThe Divided Left, Hindenburg and PapenThe Prussian Coup and Hitler's Refusal of OfficeThe Reichstag Fire, the Enabling Act and the End of DemocracyGleichschaltung and the One-Party StateThe Night of the Long KnivesThe SS, the Gestapo and the Terror StateOpposition and Non-Conformity in Nazi GermanyGoebbels and Nazi PropagandaSchacht and the New PlanThe Hitler Youth and the Nazification of SchoolsNazi Policy towards Women and LeisureThe Churches and the VolksgemeinschaftRacial Ideology, Euthanasia and the Persecution of MinoritiesThe Boycott, the Civil Service Law and NurembergThe Conquest of Poland and the EinsatzgruppenWartime Rationing, Propaganda and MoraleTotal War, Speer and Wartime Resistance
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997
Topic overviewJapanese Encroachment and the GuomindangThe Encirclement Campaigns, the Long March and Mao's IdeologyYan'an, the Xi'an Incident and the Second United FrontThe Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945The Race for Territory and the Marshall MissionThe Nationalist Position in 1946The Civil War and the Nationalist CollapseChina in 1949 and the Founding of the RepublicThe Mass Campaigns and the Grip on PowerThe Soviet Alliance and the Korean WarThe Hundred Flowers and the First Five Year PlanThe Great Leap Forward and the People's CommunesRectification, the Marriage Law and Social ChangeMao's Retreat and the Divided LeadershipThe Little Red Book and the Socialist Education MovementWomen, Education, Culture and Religion in the Early 1960sThe Sino-Soviet SplitThe Origins of the Cultural RevolutionThe Red Guards, Lin Biao and the PLAThe Four Olds, the Lost Generation and Rapprochement with the USAThe Death of Mao and the SuccessionThe Fall of the Gang of FourThe Two Whatevers and Deng's New LeadershipDecollectivisation, the SEZs and Deng's Economic ReformsThe Democracy Wall and Tiananmen SquareDeng's Southern Tour and China by 1997China's Foreign Relations under DengThe Return of Hong Kong
2Q The American Dream: Reality and Illusion, 1945–1980
Topic overviewAmerican Power and Politics in 1945Truman and the Fair DealContainment, NATO and the Korean WarTaft-Hartley, the 1948 Election and McCarthyismCivil Rights in the Truman YearsEisenhower and Modern RepublicanismThe Fall of McCarthy and the Fifties EconomySuburbia, the Highways and the New LookHungary, Rollback and the Berlin CrisisEisenhower, South Vietnam and SEATOBrown, Montgomery and Little RockThe Election of 1960The New Frontier and the Berlin WallCivil Rights under Kennedy and America by 1963Johnson, the Great Society and the 1964 ElectionJohnson's Legislative Strategy and Rolling ThunderCivil Rights, Black Power and Protest under JohnsonThe Election of 1968 and the Democratic SplitNixon's Domestic ConservatismKissinger, Detente and the Paris Peace AccordsWatergate and Nixon's ResignationFord's Pardon and Carter's ElectionCarter, Afghanistan and the End of DetenteAmerica by 1980 and the Election of Reagan
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991
Topic overviewYalta, Potsdam and the Wartime AllianceThe Sovietisation of Eastern EuropeThe Marshall Plan and American Aid to EuropeThe Division of Germany, the Berlin Blockade and NATOJapan, China and NSC-68Korea in 1950 and the UN ResponseMcCarthyism and the Isolation of ChinaNATO, the Warsaw Pact and the First Indochina WarKhrushchev and the Crises of 1956 in Poland and HungaryThe Hungarian Uprising, Peaceful Coexistence and the Paris SummitThe U-2 Affair, the Missile Race and the Space RaceThe Berlin Crisis and the Berlin WallThe Division of Vietnam and the NLFCuba, the Bay of Pigs and the Missile CrisisThe Gulf of Tonkin and American EscalationViet Cong Tactics, Tet and VietnamisationArms Control, the Prague Spring and the Sino-Soviet SplitThe Paris Accords and the Fall of SaigonThe Cost of Vietnam and the Road to SALT ISALT II, Ostpolitik and the Helsinki AccordsAfghanistan, Reagan and the Second Cold WarThe Pope, Solidarity and Martial Law in PolandAngola, Ethiopia and ChileGrenada and the ContrasGorbachev's Inheritance and New ThinkingThe Geneva and Reykjavik SummitsBush, Gorbachev and the Brezhnev DoctrineThe Revolutions of 1989 and the Collapse of the USSRThe End of the Cold War in the Third World
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007
Topic overviewThe Conservative Prime Ministers, 1951 to 1964The Long Boom and Stop-GoWomen, Youth, Immigration and the Notting Hill RiotsForeign Policy, Suez and Decolonisation, 1951-1964Harold Wilson and the National PlanDevaluation and Labour's Economic Policy, 1965-1969In Place of Strife, Education and Northern IrelandThe Abolition of Hanging and Divorce ReformThe Media, the Permissive Society and Race in the 1960sVietnam, the EEC Veto and the Atlantic AllianceHeath, the 1970 Election and Selsdon ParkThe Industrial Relations Act and the 1972 StrikeThe Oil Crisis and the Second Miners' StrikeNorthern Ireland from Bloody Sunday to SunningdaleThe Social Contract, the IMF Crisis and the Winter of DiscontentFeminism, Equality Legislation and Immigration in the 1970sPunk and the New Politics of the 1970sBritain's Entry into the EEC and the 1975 ReferendumThe Special Relationship and Detente in the 1970sThatcher's Rise and Her Political CreedLabour's Divisions and the SDPNorthern Ireland, Monetarism and PrivatisationRight to Buy and the Miners' StrikeProtest, the Riots of 1981 and the Falklands WarThe Falklands Factor and the Reagan AllianceThatcher, Gorbachev and EuropeThe Poll Tax and the Fall of ThatcherMajor, Black Wednesday, Sleaze and the Peace ProcessMajor's Leadership Challenge and the Making of New LabourThe Landslide of 1997 and Society in the 1990sStephen Lawrence and the Single European MarketMaastricht, Bosnia and the End of the Cold WarBlair's Leadership and Downing Street GovernmentConstitutional Reform and the Good Friday AgreementNew Labour's Social and Economic PolicyThe Conservative Opposition, 1997 to 2005Society and Multiculturalism under New LabourBlair's Foreign Policy, Iraq and Britain by 2007
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000
Topic overviewStalin's Death and the System He LeftKhrushchev's Rise and the Anti-Party GroupThe Secret Speech and De-StalinisationThe Sovnarkhozy, Housing and the ThawThe Virgin Lands Scheme and Agricultural FailureThe Thaw, China and Khrushchev's Foreign PolicyThe Fall of KhrushchevBrezhnev and His Leading ColleaguesThe Kosygin Reforms and Economic StagnationDetente, Afghanistan and the Second Cold WarDissidents and Nationalist Unrest under BrezhnevAndropov, Chernenko and the Rise of GorbachevGorbachev's Aims and PerestroikaGlasnost, Afghanistan and the End of the Cold WarChernobyl, Economic Restructuring and DemocratisationThe Opposition to GorbachevThe August Coup and the End of the USSRYeltsin and Shock TherapyPutin's Rise and the Second Chechen WarThe Leaders of the Satellite StatesParty Control and the NomenklaturaSovietisation and Daily Life in the SatellitesTravel, Conformity and Careers behind the CurtainThe Uprisings of 1953 and 1956The Berlin Wall and the Prague SpringGierek's Poland and Normalisation in CzechoslovakiaThe Strengths and Limits of the Satellite EconomiesWestern Influence and the Helsinki AccordsThe Gdańsk Strikes and the Birth of SolidarityMartial Law in PolandDissent in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and the GDR in the 1980sCeausescu's Romania and the SecuritateZhivkov's BulgariaThe Revolutions of 1989 in East Germany, Poland and HungaryThe Velvet Revolution, Bulgaria and Romania in 1989Romania's Revolution and the Collapse of CommunismPost-Communist Politics and the Velvet DivorceShock Therapy, Gradualism and Privatisation
What AQA A-Level History covers
AQA A-Level History (specification 7042) is assessed by two written papers and a non-examined historical investigation. Component 1 is a breadth study chosen from eleven options, examined for 2 hours 30 minutes and worth 40 per cent. Component 2 is a depth study chosen from nineteen options, examined for 2 hours 30 minutes and worth 40 per cent. Component 3 is a personal study of 3,500 to 4,500 words on a topic spanning about a hundred years, worth the remaining 20 per cent. Every student sits one breadth option and one depth option, so the pages here cover all thirty of them.
AQA AS and A-level History, specification 7042. Read the AQA specification at a glance ↗
How it is assessed
Component 2
Depth study
- One option from 2A to 2T
- Evaluation of three primary sources
- Two essays from a choice of three
2 hours 30 minutes80 marks40%
Component 3
Historical investigation
- A personal study of 3,500 to 4,500 words
- A topic spanning approximately 100 years
- Marked by the centre and moderated by AQA
Non-examined40 marks20%
The full specification
30 topics, 748 subtopics. Open any topic to see what is inside it.
011A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–120419 subtopicsOpen topic
- The Church, the Seljuk Turks and Byzantium before the Crusades
- Manzikert and the Call of the First Crusade
- The First Crusade: Motives and Campaign
- The Kings of Jerusalem and the Early Crusader States
- The Knights Templar and the Hospitallers
- The Crusader States, Byzantium and the Latin West
- Zengi and the Fall of Edessa
- The Second Crusade
- Nur ad-Din and the Muslim Counter-Crusade
- Outremer and the Four Crusader States
- Castles and the Weakening of Outremer
- Baldwin IV and the Divisions within Outremer
- Saladin and the Fall of Jerusalem
- Audita Tremendi and the Third Crusade
- Rivalries and Divisions on the Third Crusade
- The Treaty of Jaffa and the Outcome of the Third Crusade
- Innocent III and the Launch of the Fourth Crusade
- The Crusaders at Constantinople, 1203-04
- The Sack of Constantinople and the Latin Empire
021B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–159822 subtopicsOpen topic
- The Kingdoms of Iberia in 1469
- Ferdinand, Isabella and the Nobility
- Foreign Policy, Society and the Church under Ferdinand and Isabella
- The Inquisition, the Jews and the Fall of Granada
- The Alpujarras Revolt, the Economy and Overseas Expansion
- The Casa de Contratacion, Navarre and Spain by 1516
- The Inheritance of Charles V
- Imperial Ideology and Conciliar Government
- Charles V's Wars, Absences and Religious Policy
- The Conquest of the Americas and the Price Revolution
- Charles V's Abdication and Spain by 1556
- Philip II: Character and Style of Government
- Court Factions, the Morisco Revolt and the Perez Affair
- Don Carlos, the Jesuits and the Inquisition
- Philip II, the Papacy and Royal Finances
- The Escorial and the Spanish Golden Age
- Spain's Strengths and Weaknesses by 1598
- Philip II's Inheritance in 1556
- The Burdens of Empire and the Spanish Tercios
- Lepanto and the Annexation of Portugal
- The Dutch Revolt and the Spanish Armada
- Spanish America and the Cost of Empire
031C The Tudors: England, 1485–160326 subtopicsOpen topic
- Henry VII's Claim to the Throne
- Henry VII's Councils and Government
- Henry VII's Finances, the Nobility and Foreign Policy
- Pretenders and Rebellions under Henry VII
- Society and the Economy under Henry VII
- Religion, Humanism and the Arts under Henry VII
- Henry VIII: Character and Aims
- Wolsey, Cromwell and the Break with Rome
- The Dissolution, Foreign Policy and Henry VIII's Wives
- The Ranks of Tudor Society
- The Pilgrimage of Grace, Wales and the Henrician Economy
- Humanism and Religious Change under Henry VIII
- Edward VI and Somerset's Protectorate
- The 1549 Prayer Book and the Act of Uniformity
- The 1549 Rebellions and the Fall of Somerset
- Mary I and the Return to Rome
- The End of Mary's Reign and Elizabeth's Accession
- Early Elizabethan Finance and the Statute of Artificers
- The Mid-Tudor Crisis Debate
- The Elizabethan Court and William Cecil
- The Succession and Mary, Queen of Scots
- The War with Spain, Rebellion and Poverty
- Elizabethan Trade and the New Trading Companies
- The Religious Settlement and the Puritan Challenge
- The Elizabethan Renaissance and the Cult of Gloriana
- Elizabeth's Final Years and England by 1603
041D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–170219 subtopicsOpen topic
- The Political Nation, Divine Right and James I
- Court, Crown Finance and Religious Division, 1603-1629
- Disputes between Crown and Parliament
- Arminianism, Puritanism and the Revenues of the Personal Rule
- The Personal Rule, the Long Parliament and the Road to War
- The First Civil War
- The Second Civil War and the Levellers
- The Army, Parliament and the Regicide
- Cromwell in Ireland and Scotland
- Millenarianism and Barebone's Parliament
- The Protectorate and the Major-Generals
- The Restoration and Charles II's Ministers
- The Rise of Court and Country
- The Clarendon Code, Dissent and Fears of Catholicism
- The Exclusion Crisis
- James II's Catholic and Absolutist Policies
- The Glorious Revolution of 1688
- The Revolution in Ireland and the Rise of the Whigs
- The Revolution Settlement and Religious Toleration
051E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–179620 subtopicsOpen topic
- Russian Society and Government in 1682
- The Succession Crisis of 1682 and the Streltsy
- Peter's Western Interests, the Great Embassy and St Petersburg
- Peter I's Early Economic, Political and Military Reforms
- Opposition to Peter's Reforms and the Streltsy Revolt
- The Azov Campaigns and the Battle of Narva
- The Poll Tax and State Monopolies
- The Holy Synod, the Senate and Church Reform
- The Colleges, Provincial Government and the Table of Ranks
- Westernisation, Opposition and Peter's Legacy by 1725
- The Great Northern War and Peter's Foreign Policy
- The Service State under Peter the Great
- The Supreme Privy Council, the Guards and Empress Elizabeth
- Elizabeth, the Service State and Foreign Policy, 1725-1762
- Peter III and Catherine II's Seizure of Power
- The Legislative Commission and Catherine's Government Reforms
- The Charter to the Nobility and Catherine's Education Reforms
- Serfdom and Toleration under Catherine II
- Plots and the Pugachev Revolt
- Catherine II's Wars and the Partitions of Poland
061F Industrialisation and the People: Britain, c1783–188529 subtopicsOpen topic
- The British Political System in 1783
- Pitt the Younger and His Ministries
- Pitt's Financial and Trade Reforms
- Early Industrialisation: Textiles, Iron and Steam
- Enclosure and Agricultural Change
- Social Classes, Working Conditions and the Old Poor Law
- The French Revolution and British Radicalism
- The Irish Rebellion of 1798 and the Act of Union
- The Wars with France and the Home Front
- Luddism and Britain by 1812
- Lord Liverpool, the Corn Laws and Peterloo
- Canning, Wellington and Catholic Emancipation
- Textiles, Iron, Coal and the Common Lands
- Urbanisation and Working-Class Discontent
- Radicals, Abolitionists and the Rise of Methodism
- The Great Reform Act of 1832
- Grey, Melbourne and Whig Reform
- The Factory Act, the New Poor Law and Whig Reforms, 1833-1835
- Education Grants, Chartism and the Anti-Corn Law League
- Factory Reform, Public Health and Working-Class Life
- Peel's Reforms, Railway Mania and Corn Law Repeal
- The Peelites and the Birth of the Liberal Party
- Gladstonian Liberalism and Disraeli's Reforms
- The Second and Third Reform Acts
- Chartism and Its Decline
- Irish Nationalism, Home Rule and the Victorian Economy
- Victorian Values, New Model Unions and Education
- Britain's Position by 1885
- Irish Land Reform and the Liberal Unionists
071G Challenge and Transformation: Britain, c1851–196424 subtopicsOpen topic
- Parliament and the Franchise before 1867
- The Second Reform Act, Gladstone and Disraeli
- The Workshop of the World, Free Trade and Agricultural Depression
- Class and Region in Victorian Britain
- The Domestic Reforms of Gladstone and Disraeli
- Ireland, the Great Famine and the Land Question
- Gladstone's Home Rule Bill and Its Opponents
- Conservative Dominance before 1905
- Socialism and the Birth of the Labour Party
- New Liberalism, the People's Budget and the Parliament Act
- The Great Depression, Industrial Decline and Tariff Reform
- New Unionism, the Great Unrest and Women's Suffrage
- Living Standards, Poverty and the Liberal Welfare Reforms
- The Home Rule Movement and the Irish Party
- The Decline of the Liberal Party
- The National Governments and the Fascist Challenge
- The Staple Industries and the General Strike
- Women's Work and Interwar Living Standards
- Ireland and Northern Ireland, 1916-1964
- Churchill, 1945 and Labour's Programme
- Labour Divisions and the Conservative Establishment
- Wartime Mobilisation and the Post-War Boom
- Rationing, Affluence and Commonwealth Immigration
- Beveridge, the Welfare State and Education
081H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–196425 subtopicsOpen topic
- Autocracy and Serfdom in 1855
- The Emancipation of the Serfs and Alexander II's Reforms
- Reform, Reaction and the Death of Alexander II
- Pobedonostsev and Russification
- Liberals, Populists and the Tsarist Police
- Economy and Society after Emancipation
- Nicholas II, Bloody Sunday and the Fundamental Laws
- The Dumas, Stolypin and Witte's Industrialisation
- Workers, Peasants and the Grain Trade
- Liberals, Socialist Revolutionaries and Marxists
- The First World War and the February Revolution
- Lenin's Return and the October Revolution
- Lenin's Ideology, War Communism and Kronstadt
- The New Economic Policy and the Ban on Factions
- Stalin's Rise and the Power Struggle
- Terror, the 1936 Constitution and Collectivisation
- The Five Year Plans
- Internal Passports, the Gulag and Soviet Society
- The Party Oppositions and the Moscow Show Trials
- The Great Purges and the USSR by 1941
- Barbarossa and the Soviet War Effort
- High Stalinism and the Succession to Stalin
- The Secret Speech and the Anti-Party Group
- Soviet Economic Policy from Stalin to Khrushchev
- The Thaw, the Fall of Khrushchev and the USSR by 1964
091J The British Empire, c1857–196723 subtopicsOpen topic
- The Suez Canal and the Occupation of Egypt
- The Indian Mutiny and the Government of India Act
- The Scramble for Africa and the Chartered Companies
- Missionaries, the Civilising Mission and Party Attitudes to Empire
- The Boers, the Zulu War and Southern Africa
- Expansion in Africa and the Government of India
- Lord Cromer and the Veiled Protectorate in Egypt
- Indirect Rule and the Entente Cordiale
- Chamberlain, Tariff Reform and Cecil Rhodes
- The Justifications for Empire and National Efficiency
- Exhibitions, Youth Movements and Popular Imperialism
- The Boer War and the Union of South Africa
- The Mandates and the Empire after the Great War
- The Dominions, Imperial Defence and Imperial Culture
- Gandhi and Colonial Nationalism between the Wars
- The Independence of Britain's Colonies after 1945
- Africanisation, the Suez Crisis and the Cold War
- The Commonwealth and Britain's Post-War Weakness
- Nationalist Leaders and the Case for Empire
- Post-Colonial Ties, Migration and the Legacy of Empire
- Independence Talks, Mau Mau and the Wind of Change
- Post-War Nationalist Movements and British Responses
- Rhodesia and UDI
101K The Making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–197526 subtopicsOpen topic
- Johnson, Grant and Radical Reconstruction
- The Redeemers and the Gilded Age Presidents
- The Post-Reconstruction South and Jim Crow
- The Railroad Boom and Big Business in the Gilded Age
- The Closing of the Frontier and Gilded Age Foreign Policy
- The Populist Movement and the People's Party
- Progressivism and Roosevelt's Square Deal
- Wilson's New Freedom and America's Economic Rise
- Immigration, Urban Growth and Segregation
- American Imperialism and the War of 1898
- Neutrality and Entry into the First World War
- American Society and Industrial Power by 1920
- Republican Government in the 1920s
- The First and Second New Deals
- The Boom of the 1920s and the Wall Street Crash
- The Jazz Age, Women and Prohibition
- The Depression and the Second World War at Home
- The American Regions and Southern Discrimination
- The Klan's Decline and American Isolationism
- Truman's Fair Deal and Eisenhower
- The New Frontier, the Great Society and Nixon
- The Post-War Boom, the GI Bill and the Consumer Society
- McCarthyism, Youth Culture and the Anti-War Movement
- The Civil Rights Movement
- The Cold War and Vietnam
- The United States by 1975
111L The Quest for Political Stability: Germany, 1871–199119 subtopicsOpen topic
- The States of the German Empire in 1871
- The Constitution of 1871: Bundesrat and Reichstag
- Bismarck's Domestic Policies
- Wilhelm II and Weltpolitik
- German Industrial Power before 1914
- The Burgertum and the Prestige of the Elite
- Workers, Pressure Groups and Germany by 1914
- War, Revolution and the Weimar Constitution, 1914-1919
- Reparations, Putsches and the Crisis of 1923
- Stresemann, the Dawes Plan and Locarno
- The Slump and the Fall of the Grand Coalition
- The Enabling Act, the Night of the Long Knives and the Terror State
- The Four Year Plan and the Volksgemeinschaft
- Germany at War and the Holocaust
- Occupation and the Division of Germany, 1945-1949
- Adenauer and the Basic Law
- Bad Godesberg and the Grand Coalition
- Protest, the Economic Miracle and West German Society
- Reunification and Its Consequences
122A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–121614 subtopicsOpen topic
- The Anarchy and the Legacy Henry II Inherited
- Henry II's Challenges and Early Reforms
- The Church and the Angevin Empire
- Henry II, Becket and Ireland
- The Great Rebellion and the Management of the Barons
- Philip II and the Last Years of Henry II
- Richard I and the Crusade
- Government, Society and the Jews under Richard I
- Richard's War with Philip II and His Death
- The Accession and Character of King John
- John's Finances, Hubert Walter and the Interdict
- The Loss of Normandy
- John in Scotland, Ireland and Wales
- Bouvines, Magna Carta and the Death of John
132B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–149916 subtopicsOpen topic
- Henry VI, Cade's Rebellion and the Loss of Normandy
- Richard of York and His Claim to the Throne
- The Protectorates, St Albans and the Uneasy Peace
- The War of the Barons and Towton
- Edward IV and the Woodville Marriage
- Warwick, Margaret of Anjou and the Readeption
- Barnet, Tewkesbury and the Impact of the Wars
- Edward IV's Second Reign and Royal Finance
- The Rise of the Woodvilles and Court Faction
- Trade, Society and Regional Power under Edward IV
- The Succession Crisis of 1483
- Richard III and the Princes in the Tower
- The Battle of Bosworth
- Lovell, Lambert Simnel and Stoke Field
- Margaret of Burgundy and the Yorkist Pretenders
- The Economic Cost of the Wars and Recovery by 1499
142C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–156421 subtopicsOpen topic
- Papal Supremacy and the Church Hierarchy
- Salvation and the Seven Sacraments
- Corruption, Humanism and Demands for Reform before 1517
- The Holy Roman Empire and Its Electors
- The Imperial Diet, the Young Luther and the 95 Theses
- The Disputations, Luther's Theology and the 1520 Treatises
- Luther in Print, Excommunication and the Diet of Worms
- Karlstadt, the Zwickau Prophets and Luther's Return
- Zwingli, the Eucharist and the Knights' Revolt
- The German Peasants' War
- The Swiss Reformation, the Kappel Wars and Marburg
- The Diets of Speyer, the Augsburg Confession and Melanchthon
- The Radical Reformation and the Anabaptists
- The Schmalkaldic League
- The Formation of John Calvin
- Calvin in Geneva and the Ecclesiastical Ordinances
- The Consensus Tigurinus and Reformed Religion
- Luther's Death and the Schmalkaldic War
- The Peace of Augsburg
- The Reforming Popes, the Inquisition and the Jesuits
- The Council of Trent and the Catholic Reformation
152D Religious Conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c157017 subtopicsOpen topic
- The English Church and Its Wealth in 1529
- Humanism and the Call for Church Reform
- Henry VIII's Great Matter
- The Reformation Parliament and the Break with Rome
- Reformist and Conservative Factions at Court
- Faction, Diplomacy and the Dissolution
- The Reasons for and Effects of the Dissolution
- The Pilgrimage of Grace
- The Ten Articles, the Six Articles and the King's Book
- Religion and War in Henry VIII's Last Years
- Somerset's Protectorate and Northumberland's Rise
- Cranmer, the Prayer Books and the Chantries Act
- Mary I's Accession and Her Religious Aims
- Catholic Restoration, Persecution and Opposition under Mary
- Elizabeth I's Settlement and the Peace with France
- The Act of Uniformity, Enforcement and the Vestiarian Controversy
- Mary Queen of Scots and the Rising of the Northern Earls
162E The English Revolution, 1625–166027 subtopicsOpen topic
- James I's Legacy and Charles I's Kingship
- Charles I, Buckingham and the Petition of Right
- The Personal Rule and Its Ministers
- Laud's Reforms and Protestant Fears
- The Scottish Prayer Book and Thorough in Ireland
- Puritan Emigration, the National Covenant and the First Bishops' War
- The Bishops' Wars and the Recall of Parliament
- Charles I and the Parliamentary Opposition in 1640
- John Pym and the Long Parliament
- Deadlock, the Fall of Strafford and the Irish Rebellion
- The Attempt on the Five Members
- The Militia Ordinance and the Drift to War
- The Nineteen Propositions and the Outbreak of War
- Royalist Strengths at the Outbreak of War
- Royalist Weaknesses and War Finance
- Parliament's Commanders and the Wealth of London
- The Solemn League, Marston Moor and the New Model Army
- Naseby, Popular Radicalism and the Press
- Presbyterians, Independents and the Captive King
- The Politicisation of the Army and the Levellers
- The Sects, the Heads of the Proposals and the King's Escape
- The Engagement and the Second Civil War
- Pride's Purge and the Regicide
- The Third Civil War: Dunbar and Worcester
- Radical Sects, the Rump and Barebone's Parliament
- Cromwell, the Instrument of Government and the Crown
- The Collapse of the Protectorate and the Restoration
172F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–171520 subtopicsOpen topic
- Richelieu and the Regency of Anne of Austria
- Mazarin, the Parlement and the Frondes
- Westphalia and the Treaty of the Pyrenees
- The Start of Personal Rule and France in 1661
- Louis XIV's Conception of Kingship
- The Royal Council, the Intendants and Versailles
- Colbert, Mercantilism and the Royal Academies
- The Huguenots and the Edict of Fontainebleau
- Gloire, Foreign Policy Aims and Louvois's Army
- The Decline of Spain and Louis XIV's Wars to 1684
- The Strengths and Weaknesses of Personal Rule
- French Finances and the Cost of War
- Gallicanism, Jansenism and the Huguenots
- French Society and Popular Unrest under Louis XIV
- William of Orange and the Anglo-Dutch Alliance
- The Nine Years War
- The Spanish Succession and the Will of Charles II
- Ramillies, Malplaquet and the Crisis of 1709
- The Treaty of Utrecht
- The Death of Louis XIV and His Legacy
182G The Birth of the USA, 1760–180120 subtopicsOpen topic
- Mercantilism, Salutary Neglect and the Colonies in 1760
- The Thirteen Colonies and the Impact of the Seven Years War
- From the Proclamation of 1763 to the Boston Tea Party
- The Intolerable Acts of 1774
- The First Continental Congress
- Common Sense and the Organisation of Resistance
- General Gage and the Road to Lexington
- The Declaration of Independence
- British Strengths and Weaknesses in 1776
- American Strengths and Weaknesses in the War
- The Limits of British Power and the French Alliance
- French Intervention, the Chesapeake and Spain's Entry
- Spain, Congress and British Failures in the War
- Washington and the Continental Army
- The Surrender at Yorktown
- The Articles of Confederation and Post-War Problems
- The Presidencies of Washington and Adams
- The Alien and Sedition Acts and Hamilton's Programme
- The Birth of the Party System
- Federalists, Republicans and the Election of 1800
192H France in Revolution, 1774–181532 subtopicsOpen topic
- Louis XVI and French Absolutism
- The Three Estates and Seigneurial Rights
- Taxation and the Weaknesses of the Ancien Regime
- The Philosophes and the Enlightenment
- The Financial Crisis of the Ancien Regime
- Calonne and the Assembly of Notables
- The Crisis of 1788 and the Estates-General
- The Cahiers and the Opening of the Estates-General
- The National Assembly and the Fall of the Bastille
- The Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the Constitution of 1791
- The Political Clubs, Varennes and the Fall of the Monarchy
- The Founding of the Republic
- The Execution of Louis XVI, the Vendee and the Federalist Revolt
- The Levee en Masse and the Coming of the Terror
- The Fall of the Factions and the Great Terror
- Thermidor and the Dismantling of the Terror
- Vendemiaire and the Directory
- The Rise of Bonaparte
- The Coup of Brumaire
- The Constitution of the Year VIII
- The Imperial Nobility and the Legion of Honour
- Education and the Position of Women under Napoleon
- Censorship and Propaganda under Napoleon
- The Concordat and Napoleon's Relations with the Papacy
- The Civil Code and the Napoleonic Codes
- Prefects and Centralised Administration
- The Police, the Prisons and the Bank of France
- Napoleonic Taxation, the Currency and the Continental System
- The Cost of War and the Napoleonic Economy
- The Grande Armee and the Grand Empire
- Jena, Friedland and the Treaties of Tilsit
- The Peninsular War, Russia and the Fall of Napoleon
202J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–187720 subtopicsOpen topic
- Federalism and States' Rights
- The Northern Economy by 1845
- Cotton, Plantations and the Southern Economy
- The Missouri Compromise and the Nullification Crisis
- Manifest Destiny and the Compromise of 1850
- The Fugitive Slave Law, Abolitionism and Pro-Slavery Arguments
- The Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding Kansas
- The Formation of the Republican Party
- Dred Scott, the Lincoln-Douglas Debates and Harper's Ferry
- The Election of 1860, Secession and Fort Sumter
- Confederate Strengths and the Union's Numbers
- Lee, States' Rights and King Cotton
- Union Strengths, Lincoln, Grant and Sherman
- The Course of the Civil War, 1861-1865
- Why the Confederacy Lost and the Destruction of the South
- The War's Legacy and the Death of Lincoln
- The Emancipation Proclamation and Lincoln's Plan
- Radical Republicans and Presidential Reconstruction
- Grant's Presidency and the Fifteenth Amendment
- The Reconstruction Acts, Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
212K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–194129 subtopicsOpen topic
- How Britain and France Made Foreign Policy
- The Economic and Military Strength of the Great Powers
- The Scramble for Africa and Great Power Rivalry
- Balkan Nationalism and Austria-Hungary
- The Naval Race, the Arms Race and War Plans
- The Moroccan Crises
- The Entente Cordiale and the Triple Entente
- The Decline of the Ottoman Empire
- The Bosnian Crisis of 1908
- The Balkan Wars
- Sarajevo and the Austrian Ultimatum
- Mobilisation and the Schlieffen Plan
- The July Crisis
- Italy, the USA and the Widening War
- Revolution in Russia and the Collapse of Germany
- The Collapse of the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires
- Clemenceau, Wilson and the Aims of the Peacemakers
- Lloyd George and the Treaty of Versailles
- Saint-Germain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sevres and Lausanne
- American Isolation and the League of Nations
- Soviet Russia, Rapallo and the Corfu Incident
- The Ruhr Occupation and Europe by 1923
- Locarno and the Dawes Plan
- The Depression, the Revisionist Powers and the Failure of the League
- Hitler's Foreign Policy Aims and the Rhineland
- Non-Intervention in Spain and Aggression in Asia
- Appeasement and the Czech Crisis
- Poland, the Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Outbreak of War
- Barbarossa, Pearl Harbor and Global War
222L Italy and Fascism, c1900–194526 subtopicsOpen topic
- A Young Kingdom: North, South and the Risorgimento
- The Italian Monarchy and the Narrow Franchise
- Giolitti and the Gentiloni Pact
- Industrial Growth, Socialism and Labour Unrest
- Nationalism, Futurism and the Triple Alliance
- Intervention in 1915 and Italy's War Aims
- The Isonzo Front and Caporetto
- The Home Front and the Peace Settlement
- Fiume and the Mutilated Victory
- Post-War Crisis and Political Instability
- The Biennio Rosso and the Fascist Response
- The March on Rome and Mussolini's Appointment
- Why the Elites Accepted Mussolini
- Fascist Ideology, the Ras and the Cult of the Duce
- The Grand Council, the Acerbo Law and the Matteotti Crisis
- Building the Dictatorship, 1925-1926
- Corfu, Fiume and the Consolidation of Power
- Press, Radio and Film under Fascism
- The Balilla, the Dopolavoro and the 1938 Race Laws
- The Corporate State and the Charter of Labour
- The Church, Women and Society under Fascism
- Mare Nostrum and Mussolini's Imperial Ambitions
- Abyssinia, Spain and the Road to the Pact of Steel
- Italy's Entry into the War and Early Defeats
- Defeat in Russia and the Italian Home Front
- The Grandi Resolution and the Fall of Mussolini
232M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–195736 subtopicsOpen topic
- The Liberal Landslide of 1906 and New Liberalism
- The Lib-Lab Pact, Tariff Reform and the Edwardian Economy
- Edwardian Class, Poverty and the People's Budget
- The Liberal Welfare Reforms
- The Parliament Act, Women's Suffrage and Home Rule
- The Labour Unrest of 1910 to 1914
- The Wartime Coalitions and the Liberal Split
- The War Economy, DORA and Post-War Industry
- Women's War Work, the Vote and Conscription
- The War Poets, the Easter Rising and Irish Independence
- Liberal Decline, the First Labour Government and Baldwin
- The Return to Gold, the Coal Crisis and the General Strike
- The Divided Regions, Women and Culture in the 1920s
- The Flapper Vote and the 1929 Election
- The Second Labour Government and the Slump
- The Formation of the National Government
- The Crisis of 1931, the Gold Standard and Protection
- The Means Test and the Depths of the Slump
- The Peace Ballot, the Abdication and the Left
- Mosley and the British Union of Fascists
- The Fall of Chamberlain and Churchill's Wartime Leadership
- The Wartime Economy and Bevin's Direction of Labour
- Conscription, Women's War Work and Evacuation
- Internment, Rationing and Propaganda
- The Blitz
- The Beveridge Report and the Butler Education Act
- The 1945 Election and Attlee's Labour Programme
- Britain's Post-War Debt and the Export Drive
- Labour's Nationalisation Programme
- National Insurance, National Assistance and Family Allowances
- The National Health Service
- Housing, the New Towns and the Festival of Britain
- Austerity, Korea and the Bevanite Split
- The Industrial Charter and the New Conservatism
- Conservative Leadership from Churchill to Macmillan
- Consensus, Affluence and Social Change in the 1950s
242N Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia, 1917–195330 subtopicsOpen topic
- Tsarism and the Strain of War by 1917
- The February Revolution
- The Provisional Government and the April Theses
- The October Revolution
- The First Decrees, the Constituent Assembly and the Leaders of 1917
- The Cheka and the Rise of One-Party Rule
- Brest-Litovsk and the Causes of the Civil War
- Trotsky and the Building of the Red Army
- Why the Reds Won the Civil War
- Bolshevik Social Reform, War Communism and the Red Terror
- Tambov and Kronstadt
- The New Economic Policy
- Foreign Intervention, the Comintern and Soviet Diplomacy
- Lenin's Death, His Testament and the Contenders for Power
- Permanent Revolution and Socialism in One Country
- The Defeat of the Oppositions and the Great Turn
- The Stalin Cult and Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1920s
- Collectivisation and the Collective Farms
- The Five Year Plans
- The Costs of Planning, the Stalin Cult and Socialist Realism
- Cinema, Schooling and the Soviet Economy by 1941
- Stalinism and the Machinery of Terror
- The Show Trials, the 1936 Constitution and the Yezhovshchina
- Mass Terror and the Purge of the Red Army
- The Gulag and the End of the Purges
- Religion, Women and the Family under Stalin
- Soviet Foreign Policy and the Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1929-1941
- Barbarossa and the Great Patriotic War
- High Stalinism and the Post-War Terror
- The USSR as a Superpower and the Soviet Bloc
252O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–194531 subtopicsOpen topic
- The Collapse of 1918 and the Kiel Mutiny
- The Weimar Constitution and the Terms of Versailles
- The Military Terms of Versailles and German Reactions
- The Ruhr Occupation and the Hyperinflation of 1923
- The Spartacist Uprising and the Freikorps
- The Ruhr Crisis, the Courts and the Munich Putsch
- The Munich Putsch and Weimar's Coalitions
- Stresemann and the Dawes Plan
- Weimar Culture: Bauhaus, Art and Theatre
- Hindenburg's Election and the Golden Years
- Stresemann's Foreign Policy and Locarno
- The Wall Street Crash and the German Banks
- Bruning's Deflation and the Nazi Electoral Breakthrough
- Nazi Propaganda, the SA and Nazi Appeal
- The Divided Left, Hindenburg and Papen
- The Prussian Coup and Hitler's Refusal of Office
- The Reichstag Fire, the Enabling Act and the End of Democracy
- Gleichschaltung and the One-Party State
- The Night of the Long Knives
- The SS, the Gestapo and the Terror State
- Opposition and Non-Conformity in Nazi Germany
- Goebbels and Nazi Propaganda
- Schacht and the New Plan
- The Hitler Youth and the Nazification of Schools
- Nazi Policy towards Women and Leisure
- The Churches and the Volksgemeinschaft
- Racial Ideology, Euthanasia and the Persecution of Minorities
- The Boycott, the Civil Service Law and Nuremberg
- The Conquest of Poland and the Einsatzgruppen
- Wartime Rationing, Propaganda and Morale
- Total War, Speer and Wartime Resistance
262P The Transformation of China, 1936–199728 subtopicsOpen topic
- Japanese Encroachment and the Guomindang
- The Encirclement Campaigns, the Long March and Mao's Ideology
- Yan'an, the Xi'an Incident and the Second United Front
- The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945
- The Race for Territory and the Marshall Mission
- The Nationalist Position in 1946
- The Civil War and the Nationalist Collapse
- China in 1949 and the Founding of the Republic
- The Mass Campaigns and the Grip on Power
- The Soviet Alliance and the Korean War
- The Hundred Flowers and the First Five Year Plan
- The Great Leap Forward and the People's Communes
- Rectification, the Marriage Law and Social Change
- Mao's Retreat and the Divided Leadership
- The Little Red Book and the Socialist Education Movement
- Women, Education, Culture and Religion in the Early 1960s
- The Sino-Soviet Split
- The Origins of the Cultural Revolution
- The Red Guards, Lin Biao and the PLA
- The Four Olds, the Lost Generation and Rapprochement with the USA
- The Death of Mao and the Succession
- The Fall of the Gang of Four
- The Two Whatevers and Deng's New Leadership
- Decollectivisation, the SEZs and Deng's Economic Reforms
- The Democracy Wall and Tiananmen Square
- Deng's Southern Tour and China by 1997
- China's Foreign Relations under Deng
- The Return of Hong Kong
272Q The American Dream: Reality and Illusion, 1945–198024 subtopicsOpen topic
- American Power and Politics in 1945
- Truman and the Fair Deal
- Containment, NATO and the Korean War
- Taft-Hartley, the 1948 Election and McCarthyism
- Civil Rights in the Truman Years
- Eisenhower and Modern Republicanism
- The Fall of McCarthy and the Fifties Economy
- Suburbia, the Highways and the New Look
- Hungary, Rollback and the Berlin Crisis
- Eisenhower, South Vietnam and SEATO
- Brown, Montgomery and Little Rock
- The Election of 1960
- The New Frontier and the Berlin Wall
- Civil Rights under Kennedy and America by 1963
- Johnson, the Great Society and the 1964 Election
- Johnson's Legislative Strategy and Rolling Thunder
- Civil Rights, Black Power and Protest under Johnson
- The Election of 1968 and the Democratic Split
- Nixon's Domestic Conservatism
- Kissinger, Detente and the Paris Peace Accords
- Watergate and Nixon's Resignation
- Ford's Pardon and Carter's Election
- Carter, Afghanistan and the End of Detente
- America by 1980 and the Election of Reagan
282R The Cold War, c1945–199129 subtopicsOpen topic
- Yalta, Potsdam and the Wartime Alliance
- The Sovietisation of Eastern Europe
- The Marshall Plan and American Aid to Europe
- The Division of Germany, the Berlin Blockade and NATO
- Japan, China and NSC-68
- Korea in 1950 and the UN Response
- McCarthyism and the Isolation of China
- NATO, the Warsaw Pact and the First Indochina War
- Khrushchev and the Crises of 1956 in Poland and Hungary
- The Hungarian Uprising, Peaceful Coexistence and the Paris Summit
- The U-2 Affair, the Missile Race and the Space Race
- The Berlin Crisis and the Berlin Wall
- The Division of Vietnam and the NLF
- Cuba, the Bay of Pigs and the Missile Crisis
- The Gulf of Tonkin and American Escalation
- Viet Cong Tactics, Tet and Vietnamisation
- Arms Control, the Prague Spring and the Sino-Soviet Split
- The Paris Accords and the Fall of Saigon
- The Cost of Vietnam and the Road to SALT I
- SALT II, Ostpolitik and the Helsinki Accords
- Afghanistan, Reagan and the Second Cold War
- The Pope, Solidarity and Martial Law in Poland
- Angola, Ethiopia and Chile
- Grenada and the Contras
- Gorbachev's Inheritance and New Thinking
- The Geneva and Reykjavik Summits
- Bush, Gorbachev and the Brezhnev Doctrine
- The Revolutions of 1989 and the Collapse of the USSR
- The End of the Cold War in the Third World
292S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–200738 subtopicsOpen topic
- The Conservative Prime Ministers, 1951 to 1964
- The Long Boom and Stop-Go
- Women, Youth, Immigration and the Notting Hill Riots
- Foreign Policy, Suez and Decolonisation, 1951-1964
- Harold Wilson and the National Plan
- Devaluation and Labour's Economic Policy, 1965-1969
- In Place of Strife, Education and Northern Ireland
- The Abolition of Hanging and Divorce Reform
- The Media, the Permissive Society and Race in the 1960s
- Vietnam, the EEC Veto and the Atlantic Alliance
- Heath, the 1970 Election and Selsdon Park
- The Industrial Relations Act and the 1972 Strike
- The Oil Crisis and the Second Miners' Strike
- Northern Ireland from Bloody Sunday to Sunningdale
- The Social Contract, the IMF Crisis and the Winter of Discontent
- Feminism, Equality Legislation and Immigration in the 1970s
- Punk and the New Politics of the 1970s
- Britain's Entry into the EEC and the 1975 Referendum
- The Special Relationship and Detente in the 1970s
- Thatcher's Rise and Her Political Creed
- Labour's Divisions and the SDP
- Northern Ireland, Monetarism and Privatisation
- Right to Buy and the Miners' Strike
- Protest, the Riots of 1981 and the Falklands War
- The Falklands Factor and the Reagan Alliance
- Thatcher, Gorbachev and Europe
- The Poll Tax and the Fall of Thatcher
- Major, Black Wednesday, Sleaze and the Peace Process
- Major's Leadership Challenge and the Making of New Labour
- The Landslide of 1997 and Society in the 1990s
- Stephen Lawrence and the Single European Market
- Maastricht, Bosnia and the End of the Cold War
- Blair's Leadership and Downing Street Government
- Constitutional Reform and the Good Friday Agreement
- New Labour's Social and Economic Policy
- The Conservative Opposition, 1997 to 2005
- Society and Multiculturalism under New Labour
- Blair's Foreign Policy, Iraq and Britain by 2007
302T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–200038 subtopicsOpen topic
- Stalin's Death and the System He Left
- Khrushchev's Rise and the Anti-Party Group
- The Secret Speech and De-Stalinisation
- The Sovnarkhozy, Housing and the Thaw
- The Virgin Lands Scheme and Agricultural Failure
- The Thaw, China and Khrushchev's Foreign Policy
- The Fall of Khrushchev
- Brezhnev and His Leading Colleagues
- The Kosygin Reforms and Economic Stagnation
- Detente, Afghanistan and the Second Cold War
- Dissidents and Nationalist Unrest under Brezhnev
- Andropov, Chernenko and the Rise of Gorbachev
- Gorbachev's Aims and Perestroika
- Glasnost, Afghanistan and the End of the Cold War
- Chernobyl, Economic Restructuring and Democratisation
- The Opposition to Gorbachev
- The August Coup and the End of the USSR
- Yeltsin and Shock Therapy
- Putin's Rise and the Second Chechen War
- The Leaders of the Satellite States
- Party Control and the Nomenklatura
- Sovietisation and Daily Life in the Satellites
- Travel, Conformity and Careers behind the Curtain
- The Uprisings of 1953 and 1956
- The Berlin Wall and the Prague Spring
- Gierek's Poland and Normalisation in Czechoslovakia
- The Strengths and Limits of the Satellite Economies
- Western Influence and the Helsinki Accords
- The Gdańsk Strikes and the Birth of Solidarity
- Martial Law in Poland
- Dissent in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and the GDR in the 1980s
- Ceausescu's Romania and the Securitate
- Zhivkov's Bulgaria
- The Revolutions of 1989 in East Germany, Poland and Hungary
- The Velvet Revolution, Bulgaria and Romania in 1989
- Romania's Revolution and the Collapse of Communism
- Post-Communist Politics and the Velvet Divorce
- Shock Therapy, Gradualism and Privatisation
How you work through it
Pick the mode that fits the time you have.
Try three questions
No account needed. Answer from memory first.
Your recallNot started
Key term
What gave the Church in western Europe its supreme spiritual authority around 1071?
Key term
Who were the Seljuk Turks?
Key term
What internal problems weakened the Byzantine Empire around 1071?
Spaced Repetition Schedule
How reviews are timed
Levo will automatically distribute all of your progress into a spaced repetition calendar. Once you’ve answered, it’s scheduled for you on the next day in the spaced repetition schedule. Over time, the gaps between your recall get bigger, from a day to three years, reinforcing memorisation over a long period of time.
Interval sequence
- 1 day
- 3 days
- 7 days
- 14 days
- 30 days
- 60 days
- 4 months
- 8 months
- 1 year
- 2 years
- 3 years
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material
History revision questions
Common questions about revising AQA A-Level History. Tap any to open it.
How do you memorise AQA A-Level History?
By testing yourself, not rereading. Active recall, pulling each answer from memory then checking it, builds far stronger memory than highlighting notes. Levo runs the method for you across all 30 History topics and brings each one back on a spaced schedule so it stays memorised.
What is the fastest way to revise History for AQA?
Skip the long notes and go straight to retrieval. Levo turns the 7042 specification into short questions you drill with rapid recall, cram whole papers in one sitting, and a readiness score tells you exactly what is left to learn.
What topics are on AQA A-Level History (7042)?
There are 30 topics, split across 748 subtopics, from 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204, 1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598, 1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 and more. Every topic is listed above, and each one opens to the subtopics inside it.
What do you get inside Levo for History?
Six ways to work the same material. The 3-step method for learning a set, Cram for sorting a whole paper into what you know and what you do not, Blank Blitz for making key facts automatic, Build It for assembling full-mark answers, Test It for catching misconceptions, and Brain Breaks between sessions. A readiness score tracks how much of the subject you have memorised.
Is active recall better than rereading your notes for History?
Consistently, yes. Rereading feels productive but fades quickly. Retrieving an answer from memory, the way Levo tests you, is what actually forms durable memory, and it shows you honestly what you do and do not know.
Does Levo cover the whole AQA History specification?
Every topic on the 7042 specification is covered, written from the published subject content. The full list is above, and each topic opens to its subtopics so you can see exactly what is there before you subscribe.
How can you encourage your teenager to revise?
Make it short, structured and low-pressure. Levo gives a clear daily plan, quick sessions rather than marathon ones, streaks that reward showing up, and an honest readiness score, so revision feels like progress instead of a chore. Parents can add an account and follow along.
Can you revise History the night before an exam?
Yes. Cram mode is built for exactly that: fly through a whole paper, sort every topic into red, amber and green, then drill just the reds and ambers you do not know yet. It is the honest version of a last-minute session.
Every question in History, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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