What type of cells are formed during natural active immunity that provide long-term protection?

Memory cells (memory B cells and memory T cells) are formed.

How are antigens introduced to the body in artificial active immunity?

Antigens are introduced via vaccination (injection, oral administration, or nasal spray).

Is the immune response activated following vaccination?

Yes, the immune response is activated in the same way as during natural infection, with lymphocytes recognising and responding to the vaccine antigens.

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Lifestyle, Health and Risk

Topic overview Water and the carbohydrates Condensation, hydrolysis and glycosidic bonds Lipids, food tests and units The cardiac cycle and the structure of the heart Arteries, veins and capillaries Core practical: caffeine and the heart rate of Daphnia The blood clotting cascade Thrombus, embolus and their consequences Atherosclerosis and the risk factors for CVD Treatments for CVD, and cholesterol transport BMI, waist-to-hip ratio and energy balance Core practical 2: the vitamin C content of food and drink Correlation, causation and the design of health studies Risk perception, and handling quantitative data

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Topic overview Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic organelles and their functions Identifying organelles in an electron micrograph Protein secretion, and levels of organisation Microscopy: the graticule, magnification and standard form The cell cycle and the stages of mitosis Core practical: the root tip squash Meiosis, linkage and sex linkage The structure of sperm and egg cells Fertilisation: the acrosome and cortical reactions Totipotency, pluripotency and sources of stem cells The ethics and risks of stem cell therapy Differential gene expression and specialisation The lac operon Epigenetics: DNA methylation and histone modification Polygenic inheritance, continuous variation and statistics

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Topic overview Biodiversity, species richness and the index of diversity Niches and the three kinds of adaptation Natural selection and evolution The Hardy-Weinberg equation and its assumptions Reproductive isolation and speciation Classification The plant cell wall, chloroplast and amyloplast The vacuole, plasmodesmata, pits and middle lamella Plant cells in the electron microscope Starch and cellulose Lignin, xylem vessels and sclerenchyma fibres Identifying plant tissues under the microscope The structure of xylem, phloem and sclerenchyma Water and the mineral nutrition of plants Core practical: investigating mineral deficiency Core practical: the tensile strength of plant fibres Drug development from Withering to modern trials Growing bacteria and aseptic technique Core practical: the antimicrobial properties of plants Sustainability and Conservation

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Immunity, Infection and Forensics

Topic overview Decomposition, succession and forensic entomology Body cooling and rigor mortis DNA profiling and the polymerase chain reaction Gel electrophoresis The structure of bacteria and viruses Decomposition, and how pathogens enter the body The body's barriers, and modelling bacterial growth Tuberculosis and HIV The non-specific immune response Antigens, antibodies and B cells T cells and cell-mediated immunity Active and passive immunity, natural and artificial The evolutionary race and pathogen evasion Antibiotics and testing their effectiveness Hospital acquired infections and their control

Run for Your Life

Topic overview Muscles and Movement The myofibril and the sarcomere The sliding filament theory, calcium and ATP Slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibres Glycolysis and the link reaction The Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and oxygen debt The conduction system: SAN, AVN and Purkyne fibres The sequence of cardiac excitation The electrocardiogram, cardiac output and stroke volume The cardiovascular and ventilation control centres Spirometry and ventilation during exercise Homeostasis, feedback and gene control by hormones Thermoregulation and the hypothalamus The effects of too much and too little exercise Medical technology and performance-enhancing substances

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Topic overview The structure of neurones and myelination The action potential and saltatory conduction The structure of a synapse and calcium entry Neurotransmitter release and acetylcholine Rod cells and the detection of light Effectors, the neuromuscular junction and the pupil reflex Phytochrome and the response to light IAA, phototropism and gravitropism Nervous against hormonal coordination The regions of the brain and their functions Brain imaging: MRI, fMRI, PET and CT Critical periods and the Hubel and Wiesel experiments Nature, nurture, habituation and research ethics Dopamine, serotonin and their imbalance L-Dopa and MDMA Genome sequencing, personalised medicine and its ethics Genetically modified organisms: benefits and risks

Immunity, Infection and Forensics

Active and passive immunity, natural and artificial

3 things to know
Papers 1 and 3

Overview

Recall questions on the four combinations, how vaccination works, and why active immunity lasts while passive does not.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Process

In natural active immunity, how does the pathogen initially enter the body?

Key term

What specific molecules are produced by B cells during natural active immunity?

Key term

What happens to the immune system when a pathogen is encountered through natural infection?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
In natural active immunity, how does the pathogen initially enter the body?
Model answer
The pathogen enters the body naturally through infection (e.g. via respiratory droplets, contaminated food, wounds, or other natural routes of transmission).
2
What happens to the immune system when a pathogen is encountered through natural infection?
Model answer
The immune response is activated, involving recognition of foreign antigens and stimulation of lymphocytes.
3
What specific molecules are produced by B cells during natural active immunity?
Model answer
Antibodies (immunoglobulins) specific to the pathogen's antigens are produced.
4
What type of cells are formed during natural active immunity that provide long-term protection?
Model answer
Memory cells (memory B cells and memory T cells) are formed.
5
How are antigens introduced to the body in artificial active immunity?
Model answer
Antigens are introduced via vaccination (injection, oral administration, or nasal spray).
6
Is the immune response activated following vaccination?
Model answer
Yes, the immune response is activated in the same way as during natural infection, with lymphocytes recognising and responding to the vaccine antigens.

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