Key term
AQA GCSE Combined Science Chemistry 8464
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Topic overviewAtoms, elements and compoundsWord equations, symbols and balanced equationsMixturesFrom the plum pudding model to the nuclear modelBohr, Chadwick and the modern model of the atomRelative electrical charges of subatomic particlesSize and mass of atomsRelative atomic mass and electronic structureThe periodic tableDevelopment of the periodic tableMetals and non-metalsGroup 0Group 1Group 7
Bonding, Structure, and the Properties of Matter
Topic overviewChemical bonds, including metallic bondingIonic bondingIonic compoundsCovalent bonding and how it is representedThe three states of matter and changes of statePredicting state, state symbols, and the limits of the particle modelProperties of ionic compoundsProperties of small moleculesPolymers and giant covalent structuresProperties of metals and alloys, and why metals conductDiamond and graphiteGraphene and fullerenes
Chemical Analysis
Chemical Changes
Topic overviewThe reactivity seriesMetal oxides, extraction, and redox in terms of electronsAcids reacting with metals, neutralisation and saltsSoluble saltsThe pH scale and neutralisationThe process of electrolysis, and molten ionic compoundsUsing electrolysis to extract metalsElectrolysis of aqueous solutions
Chemistry of the Atmosphere
Topic overviewThe Earth's early atmosphereHow oxygen increased and carbon dioxide decreasedThe gases in today's atmosphere, and which are greenhouse gasesHuman activities which contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphereGlobal climate change and carbon footprintsAtmospheric pollutants from fuels, and their effects
Energy Changes
Organic Chemistry
Quantitative Chemistry
The Rate and Extent of Chemical Change
Bonding, Structure, and the Properties of Matter
Covalent bonding and how it is represented
- 3 things to know
- Chemistry Paper 1
Overview
What a covalent bond is, small molecules, polymers and giant covalent structures, recognising each from formulae, bonds drawn as lines, ball and stick models and shortened polymer formulae, dot and cross diagrams for molecules such as hydrogen, chlorine, water, ammonia and methane, the limits of two-dimensional diagrams, and deducing molecular and polymer formulae from models and diagrams.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Give two examples of substances that consist of small covalently bonded molecules.
Key term
How can you recognise from its chemical formula that a substance consists of small molecules?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is a covalent bond?
Model answer
A bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons.
- 2
How strong are the covalent bonds between the atoms in a molecule?
Model answer
They are very strong.
- 3
Give two examples of substances that consist of small covalently bonded molecules.
Model answer
Water, H₂O, and carbon dioxide, CO₂.
- 4
How can you recognise from its chemical formula that a substance consists of small molecules?
Model answer
The formula shows a small fixed number of non-metal atoms, as in NH₃ or CH₄.
- 5
Which covalently bonded substances have very large molecules?
Model answer
Polymers.
- 6
How does a polymer molecule differ from a molecule of methane?
Model answer
A polymer molecule contains very many atoms covalently bonded in a long repeating chain, while methane has only five atoms.
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