Key term
AQA GCSE Physics 8463
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewThe structure of an atomMass number, atomic number and isotopesFrom the plum pudding model to the nuclear modelChadwick, the neutron, and comparing the modelsRadioactive decay and nuclear radiationNuclear equationsHalf-lives and the random nature of radioactive decayRadioactive contaminationBackground radiationUses of nuclear radiation, and how half-life affects hazardNuclear fission and nuclear fusion
Electricity
Topic overviewCircuit symbols, electrical charge and currentCurrent, resistance and potential differenceOhmic conductors, filament lamps, diodes and thermistorsLight-dependent resistors, and investigating resistanceCurrent and potential difference in series and parallelConstructing circuits, and calculating in series circuitsDirect and alternating potential difference, and mains electricityPower and efficiencyAppliances, and the energy transferred by electrical workPower, and the power ratings of domestic appliancesThe National GridStatic chargeElectric fields
Energy
Forces
Topic overviewScalars, vectors, forces and the resultant forceGravityWork done and energy transferStretching, compressing, and the spring constantLinear and non-linear extension, and work done on a springMoments, levers and gearsPressure at a surface, and the equation p = F over AAtmospheric pressureDistance, displacement and speedThe speed of sound, and the distance-speed-time equationVelocity and the distance-time relationshipAcceleration, deceleration and velocity-time graphsArea under a velocity-time graph, and the uniform acceleration equationNewton's First LawNewton's Second and Third LawsStopping distance and reaction timeFactors affecting braking distanceBraking force, deceleration and the dangers of stopping quickly
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Particle Model of Matter
Space Physics
Waves
Topic overviewTransverse and longitudinal waves, and the wave equationWave properties, and refraction at a boundaryReflection of wavesTypes and uses of electromagnetic wavesRadio waves, and the hazards of ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma raysLensesVisible lightEmission and absorption of infrared radiation, and black bodies
Forces
Factors affecting braking distance
- 2 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
The factors that lengthen braking distance, including icy and wet roads and worn brakes and tyres, whether heavy rain affects thinking or braking distance, leaving a bigger gap in icy weather, checking tyre tread, lower speed limits outside schools, and estimating braking distance when speed doubles or the road is wet.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Explain why the braking distance of a car is longer on an icy road.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Name two general kinds of factor that can lengthen the braking distance of a vehicle.
Model answer
Adverse road and weather conditions, and the vehicle being in poor condition.
- 2
Explain why the braking distance of a car is longer on an icy road.
Model answer
Ice reduces the friction between the tyres and the road, so the braking force is smaller and the car travels further before stopping.
- 3
Explain why worn brakes lengthen a vehicle's braking distance.
Model answer
Worn brakes produce a smaller friction force on the wheels, so the deceleration is smaller and the vehicle travels further.
- 4
Name two adverse road conditions that lengthen braking distance.
Model answer
Wet conditions and icy conditions.
- 5
Which two parts of a vehicle, when in poor condition, lengthen its braking distance?
Model answer
The brakes and the tyres.
- 6
Explain why worn tyres lengthen the braking distance of a car.
Model answer
Worn tyres grip the road less well, so there is less friction to slow the car and it travels further before stopping.
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