Key term
AQA GCSE Physics 8463
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewThe structure of an atomMass number, atomic number and isotopesFrom the plum pudding model to the nuclear modelChadwick, the neutron, and comparing the modelsRadioactive decay and nuclear radiationNuclear equationsHalf-lives and the random nature of radioactive decayRadioactive contaminationBackground radiationUses of nuclear radiation, and how half-life affects hazardNuclear fission and nuclear fusion
Electricity
Topic overviewCircuit symbols, electrical charge and currentCurrent, resistance and potential differenceOhmic conductors, filament lamps, diodes and thermistorsLight-dependent resistors, and investigating resistanceCurrent and potential difference in series and parallelConstructing circuits, and calculating in series circuitsDirect and alternating potential difference, and mains electricityPower and efficiencyAppliances, and the energy transferred by electrical workPower, and the power ratings of domestic appliancesThe National GridStatic chargeElectric fields
Energy
Forces
Topic overviewScalars, vectors, forces and the resultant forceGravityWork done and energy transferStretching, compressing, and the spring constantLinear and non-linear extension, and work done on a springMoments, levers and gearsPressure at a surface, and the equation p = F over AAtmospheric pressureDistance, displacement and speedThe speed of sound, and the distance-speed-time equationVelocity and the distance-time relationshipAcceleration, deceleration and velocity-time graphsArea under a velocity-time graph, and the uniform acceleration equationNewton's First LawNewton's Second and Third LawsStopping distance and reaction timeFactors affecting braking distanceBraking force, deceleration and the dangers of stopping quickly
Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Particle Model of Matter
Space Physics
Waves
Topic overviewTransverse and longitudinal waves, and the wave equationWave properties, and refraction at a boundaryReflection of wavesTypes and uses of electromagnetic wavesRadio waves, and the hazards of ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma raysLensesVisible lightEmission and absorption of infrared radiation, and black bodies
Forces
Stopping distance and reaction time
- 2 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
Stopping, thinking and braking distance, how speed affects stopping distance and which part is proportional to speed, reading stopping distance data for cars and lorries, how reaction times vary and what lengthens them, the ruler-drop test for reaction time, and why a tired driver has a longer thinking distance.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
A car needs about 23 m to stop from 13 m/s. Explain why stopping from 27 m/s takes far more than twice this distance.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is meant by the stopping distance of a vehicle?
Model answer
It is the total distance travelled from the driver seeing a hazard to the vehicle coming to rest.
- 2
What is meant by the thinking distance of a vehicle?
Model answer
It is the distance travelled during the driver's reaction time, before the brakes are applied.
- 3
What is meant by the braking distance of a vehicle?
Model answer
It is the distance the vehicle travels while the braking force is acting on it.
- 4
For a given braking force, how does an increase in speed affect the stopping distance?
Model answer
The greater the speed, the greater the stopping distance.
- 5
A car needs about 23 m to stop from 13 m/s. Explain why stopping from 27 m/s takes far more than twice this distance.
Model answer
The thinking distance doubles with speed, but the braking distance grows much faster than that, so the total is more than doubled.
- 6
Which part of the stopping distance is directly proportional to the vehicle's speed?
Model answer
The thinking distance, because the reaction time stays the same while the vehicle travels further in it.
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