Key term
AQA A-Level Chemistry 7405
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewFundamental ParticlesMass Number and IsotopesTime of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Ionisation and AccelerationTime of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Drift, Detection and Calculating m/zElectron Configuration: Sub-shells and OrbitalsElectron Configuration: Writing Configurations for Atoms and IonsIonisation Energies and Periodic Trends
Amount of Substance
Topic overviewRelative Atomic and Molecular MassThe Mole and the Avogadro ConstantThe Ideal Gas EquationEmpirical and Molecular FormulaBalanced Equations and Reaction CalculationsAtom Economy and Percentage YieldAcid-Base Titrations: Principles, Indicators and ApparatusAcid-Base Titrations: Standard Solutions and Calculations
Bonding
Topic overviewIonic BondingCovalent, Dative Covalent and Metallic BondingCrystal Structures: Giant Ionic Lattices and DiamondCrystal Structures: Graphite and Simple Molecular SolidsShapes of Molecules and Ions: VSEPR and Electron Pair RepulsionShapes of Molecules and Ions: Predicting Shapes and Bond AnglesElectronegativity and Bond PolarityIntermolecular Forces
Energetics and Thermodynamics
Kinetics
Topic overviewCollision Theory and Activation EnergyMaxwell-Boltzmann Distribution and the Effect of TemperatureEffect of Concentration and Pressure, and CatalystsRate Equations: The Rate Equation and Orders of ReactionRate Equations: The Effect of Concentration on RateThe Rate Constant and the Arrhenius EquationDetermining Rate Equations: The Initial Rates MethodDetermining Rate Equations: Continuous MonitoringRate Equations and Reaction Mechanisms
Chemical Equilibria
Redox and Electrochemistry
Topic overviewRedox: Definitions and the Rules for Oxidation StatesRedox: Identifying Oxidation and Reduction in a ReactionHalf-Equations and Combined Redox EquationsStandard Electrode Potentials and the Hydrogen ElectrodeElectrochemical Cells and EMF CalculationsPredicting Redox Reactions from Electrode PotentialsCommercial Cells and Fuel Cells
Acids and Bases
Periodicity and Group Chemistry
Topic overviews, p, d and f Block ClassificationTrends in Period 3Group 2 Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionisation Energy and Melting PointReactions of Group 2 with WaterSolubility Trends of Group 2 HydroxidesSolubility Trends of Group 2 SulfatesUses of Group 2 CompoundsTest for Sulfate IonsTrends in Electronegativity and Boiling Point of HalogensHalogens as Oxidising Agents and Displacement ReactionsHalide Ions as Reducing Agents: Chloride and BromideHalide Ions as Reducing Agents: Iodide, and the EquationsTest for Halide Ions Using Silver NitrateTests for Ammonium, Group 2, Hydroxide and Carbonate IonsReactions of Chlorine with WaterReactions of Chlorine with Cold Dilute NaOH and Water Treatment
Period 3 Elements and Their Oxides
Topic overviewReactions of Na and Mg with WaterPeriod 3 Elements with Oxygen: The Oxides Formed and Their BondingPeriod 3 Elements with Oxygen: Structures and Oxidation StatesMelting Points of Period 3 OxidesPeriod 3 Oxides with Water: Sodium and Magnesium OxidesPeriod 3 Oxides with Water: The Acidic Oxides and the pH TrendPeriod 3 Oxides with Acids and Bases: The ReactionsPeriod 3 Oxides with Acids and Bases: Acidic, Basic and Amphoteric
Transition Metals
Topic overviewGeneral Properties of Transition MetalsComplex Ions: Ligands, Coordinate Bonds and DenticityComplex Ions: Why a Species Can Act as a Ligand, and Coordination NumberSubstitution Reactions with Monodentate LigandsSubstitution Reactions with Bidentate and Multidentate LigandsHaemoglobin and the Chelate EffectShapes of Complex Ions and StereoisomerismFormation of Coloured Ions and the d-d TransitionColorimetry and Concentration DeterminationVariable Oxidation States and Vanadium ChemistryTollens' Reagent and Redox TitrationsHeterogeneous CatalysisVanadium(V) Oxide and the Contact ProcessHomogeneous Catalysis and AutocatalysisMetal-Aqua Ions and AcidityMetal Aqua Ions with Bases: Reactions with Hydroxide and AmmoniaMetal Aqua Ions with Bases: Why They React, and Their EquationsAmphoteric HydroxidesIdentifying Transition Metal Ions by Test-Tube Reactions
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Topic overviewAlkanes, Fractional Distillation and CrackingCombustion of Alkanes and PollutantsFree Radical Chlorination of AlkanesAlkenes: Structure, Bonding and Electrophilic AdditionMarkovnikov's Rule and Carbocation StabilityAddition Polymers and Repeating UnitsProperties and Uses of Polyalkenes
Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and Organic Analysis
Topic overviewNucleophilic Substitution of HalogenoalkanesEffect of Bond Enthalpy on Reaction RateElimination Reactions and Competing MechanismsCFCs and Ozone DepletionIndustrial Production of AlcoholsBiofuels and Carbon NeutralityClassification and Oxidation of AlcoholsDistinguishing Aldehydes and KetonesElimination of Water from AlcoholsTest-Tube Reactions for Functional GroupsMass Spectrometry and Molecular FormulaInfrared Spectroscopy, Functional Groups and Global Warming
Carbonyls, Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Topic overviewOxidation of Aldehydes and Distinguishing TestsReduction of Carbonyls with NaBH4Nucleophilic Addition with KCN and Hydroxynitrile FormationHazards of KCN and Formation of EnantiomersStructure and Acidity of Carboxylic AcidsEsterification and the Uses of EstersVegetable Oils, Fats and the Hydrolysis of EstersSoap and Biodiesel Production from FatsStructure of Acid Anhydrides, Acyl Chlorides and AmidesNucleophilic Addition-Elimination Reactions of Acyl ChloridesAcid Anhydrides and the Industrial Synthesis of AspirinPurifying organic solids and liquids
Aromatic Chemistry and Amines
Topic overviewBonding and Stability of BenzeneElectrophilic Substitution: NitrationElectrophilic Substitution: Friedel-Crafts AcylationPreparation of Aliphatic and Aromatic AminesBase Strength of AminesAmines as Nucleophiles, and Quaternary Ammonium SaltsAmines with Acyl Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides
Polymers, Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
Topic overviewCondensation Polymers: PolyestersCondensation Polymers: PolyamidesIntermolecular Forces in Condensation PolymersBiodegradability and Disposal of PolymersAmino Acids and ZwitterionsPeptide Bonds and Protein StructureHydrogen Bonding and Disulfide Bridges in ProteinsHydrolysis of Proteins and TLC IdentificationEnzymes, Active Sites and Inhibitors in Drug DesignDNA: Nucleotides, the Double Helix and Base PairingCisplatin and Anticancer Drug Action
Organic Synthesis, NMR and Chromatography
Topic overviewMulti-Step Synthesis RoutesGreen Chemistry Principles in Synthesis DesignPrinciples of NMR and the Delta ScaleCarbon-13 NMR InterpretationProton NMR Chemical Shift and IntegrationSpin-Spin Splitting and the n+1 RuleTMS and Deuterated SolventsThin-Layer Chromatography and Rf ValuesColumn and Gas Chromatography, and GC-MS
Aromatic Chemistry and Amines
- 7 subtopics
- 21 things to know
- Papers 2 and 3
What Aromatic Chemistry and Amines covers
Aromatic chemistry and amines is examined on Papers 2 and 3. It explains the delocalised structure of benzene and the evidence for it, the two electrophilic substitution mechanisms, then the preparation, base strength and nucleophilic reactions of amines.
Where it is assessed
Papers 2 and 3
Organic and the physical chemistry behind it, then the synoptic paper.
Check the AQA specification ↗The 7 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Bonding and Stability of BenzeneThe delocalised ring, the evidence from bond lengths and hydrogenation enthalpies, and why benzene resists addition.Open →
- Electrophilic Substitution: NitrationGenerating the nitronium ion, the mechanism, and why nitration matters industrially.Open →
- Electrophilic Substitution: Friedel-Crafts AcylationThe aluminium chloride catalyst and the acylium ion it generates, the electrophilic substitution mechanism, and how the ring regains its aromatic stability.Open →
- Preparation of Aliphatic and Aromatic AminesMaking primary amines from halogenoalkanes and from nitriles, and aromatic amines by reducing nitrobenzene.Open →
- Base Strength of AminesComparing primary aliphatic, aromatic and ammonia, and explaining the order from electron density.Open →
- Amines as Nucleophiles, and Quaternary Ammonium SaltsThe lone pair on nitrogen, further substitution to secondary and tertiary amines, and quaternary ammonium salts as cationic surfactants.Open →
- Amines with Acyl Chlorides and Acid AnhydridesForming substituted amides, and the equations for each reagent.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Process
How is the electrophile for nitration generated?
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How does the carbon-carbon bond length in benzene compare to typical single and double carbon-carbon bonds?
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In nitration of benzene, what is the electrophile that attacks the benzene ring?
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What catalyst is used in Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene?
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What is the electrophile generated in Friedel-Crafts acylation?
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What are the two methods for preparing primary aliphatic amines?
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What functional group is present in nitriles that is converted during reduction to form an amine?
Evaluation
How does the base strength of primary aliphatic amines compare to ammonia?
Evaluation
How does the base strength of primary aromatic amines compare to ammonia?
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What product is formed when ammonia reacts with a halogenoalkane in a 1:1 ratio?
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What product is formed when a primary amine reacts with a halogenoalkane?
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In the reaction between a primary amine and an acyl chloride, what type of organic product is formed?
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What is the role of the amine in reactions with acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides?
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What type of electrons are delocalised in the benzene ring?
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What reagents are used to carry out the nitration of benzene?
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Why does substitution occur rather than addition when benzene undergoes Friedel-Crafts acylation?
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What is the product when a nitrile is reduced?
Evaluation
How does the base strength of primary aromatic amines compare to primary aliphatic amines?
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What product is formed when a secondary amine reacts with a halogenoalkane?
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What small molecule is eliminated when ammonia reacts with an acyl chloride?
Take Aromatic Chemistry and Amines further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Electrophile vs Nucleophile
Electrophile: an electron-pair acceptor attracted to electron-rich regions. Nucleophile: an electron-pair donor attracted to electron-deficient regions.
Addition reaction vs Substitution reaction
Addition reaction: two reactants combining to form one product. Substitution reaction: one atom or group replacing another.
Aliphatic amine vs Aromatic amine
Aliphatic amine: a nitrogen base attached to an alkyl group. Aromatic amine: a nitrogen base attached directly to an aromatic ring.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is the shape of the benzene ring?
Model answer
Planar
- 2
How does the carbon-carbon bond length in benzene compare to typical single and double carbon-carbon bonds?
Model answer
The bond length is intermediate between a single and double carbon-carbon bond
- 3
What type of electrons are delocalised in the benzene ring?
Model answer
Pi (p) electrons
- 4
What effect does the delocalisation of electrons have on the stability of benzene?
Model answer
It makes benzene more stable
- 5
Compared to what theoretical molecule is benzene more stable?
Model answer
Cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene
- 6
What type of thermochemical evidence can be used to demonstrate the extra stability of benzene?
Model answer
Enthalpies of hydrogenation
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Aromatic Chemistry and Amines revision questions
- What does Aromatic Chemistry and Amines cover in AQA A-Level Chemistry?
- 7 subtopics: bonding and stability of benzene, electrophilic substitution: nitration, electrophilic substitution: friedel-crafts acylation, preparation of aliphatic and aromatic amines, base strength of amines, amines as nucleophiles, and quaternary ammonium salts and amines with acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Aromatic Chemistry and Amines organised?
- By the AQA 7405 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Aromatic Chemistry and Amines, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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