Evaluation
AQA A-Level Chemistry 7405
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewFundamental ParticlesMass Number and IsotopesTime of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Ionisation and AccelerationTime of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Drift, Detection and Calculating m/zElectron Configuration: Sub-shells and OrbitalsElectron Configuration: Writing Configurations for Atoms and IonsIonisation Energies and Periodic Trends
Amount of Substance
Topic overviewRelative Atomic and Molecular MassThe Mole and the Avogadro ConstantThe Ideal Gas EquationEmpirical and Molecular FormulaBalanced Equations and Reaction CalculationsAtom Economy and Percentage YieldAcid-Base Titrations: Principles, Indicators and ApparatusAcid-Base Titrations: Standard Solutions and Calculations
Bonding
Topic overviewIonic BondingCovalent, Dative Covalent and Metallic BondingCrystal Structures: Giant Ionic Lattices and DiamondCrystal Structures: Graphite and Simple Molecular SolidsShapes of Molecules and Ions: VSEPR and Electron Pair RepulsionShapes of Molecules and Ions: Predicting Shapes and Bond AnglesElectronegativity and Bond PolarityIntermolecular Forces
Energetics and Thermodynamics
Kinetics
Topic overviewCollision Theory and Activation EnergyMaxwell-Boltzmann Distribution and the Effect of TemperatureEffect of Concentration and Pressure, and CatalystsRate Equations: The Rate Equation and Orders of ReactionRate Equations: The Effect of Concentration on RateThe Rate Constant and the Arrhenius EquationDetermining Rate Equations: The Initial Rates MethodDetermining Rate Equations: Continuous MonitoringRate Equations and Reaction Mechanisms
Chemical Equilibria
Redox and Electrochemistry
Topic overviewRedox: Definitions and the Rules for Oxidation StatesRedox: Identifying Oxidation and Reduction in a ReactionHalf-Equations and Combined Redox EquationsStandard Electrode Potentials and the Hydrogen ElectrodeElectrochemical Cells and EMF CalculationsPredicting Redox Reactions from Electrode PotentialsCommercial Cells and Fuel Cells
Acids and Bases
Periodicity and Group Chemistry
Topic overviews, p, d and f Block ClassificationTrends in Period 3Group 2 Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionisation Energy and Melting PointReactions of Group 2 with WaterSolubility Trends of Group 2 HydroxidesSolubility Trends of Group 2 SulfatesUses of Group 2 CompoundsTest for Sulfate IonsTrends in Electronegativity and Boiling Point of HalogensHalogens as Oxidising Agents and Displacement ReactionsHalide Ions as Reducing Agents: Chloride and BromideHalide Ions as Reducing Agents: Iodide, and the EquationsTest for Halide Ions Using Silver NitrateTests for Ammonium, Group 2, Hydroxide and Carbonate IonsReactions of Chlorine with WaterReactions of Chlorine with Cold Dilute NaOH and Water Treatment
Period 3 Elements and Their Oxides
Topic overviewReactions of Na and Mg with WaterPeriod 3 Elements with Oxygen: The Oxides Formed and Their BondingPeriod 3 Elements with Oxygen: Structures and Oxidation StatesMelting Points of Period 3 OxidesPeriod 3 Oxides with Water: Sodium and Magnesium OxidesPeriod 3 Oxides with Water: The Acidic Oxides and the pH TrendPeriod 3 Oxides with Acids and Bases: The ReactionsPeriod 3 Oxides with Acids and Bases: Acidic, Basic and Amphoteric
Transition Metals
Topic overviewGeneral Properties of Transition MetalsComplex Ions: Ligands, Coordinate Bonds and DenticityComplex Ions: Why a Species Can Act as a Ligand, and Coordination NumberSubstitution Reactions with Monodentate LigandsSubstitution Reactions with Bidentate and Multidentate LigandsHaemoglobin and the Chelate EffectShapes of Complex Ions and StereoisomerismFormation of Coloured Ions and the d-d TransitionColorimetry and Concentration DeterminationVariable Oxidation States and Vanadium ChemistryTollens' Reagent and Redox TitrationsHeterogeneous CatalysisVanadium(V) Oxide and the Contact ProcessHomogeneous Catalysis and AutocatalysisMetal-Aqua Ions and AcidityMetal Aqua Ions with Bases: Reactions with Hydroxide and AmmoniaMetal Aqua Ions with Bases: Why They React, and Their EquationsAmphoteric HydroxidesIdentifying Transition Metal Ions by Test-Tube Reactions
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Topic overviewAlkanes, Fractional Distillation and CrackingCombustion of Alkanes and PollutantsFree Radical Chlorination of AlkanesAlkenes: Structure, Bonding and Electrophilic AdditionMarkovnikov's Rule and Carbocation StabilityAddition Polymers and Repeating UnitsProperties and Uses of Polyalkenes
Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and Organic Analysis
Topic overviewNucleophilic Substitution of HalogenoalkanesEffect of Bond Enthalpy on Reaction RateElimination Reactions and Competing MechanismsCFCs and Ozone DepletionIndustrial Production of AlcoholsBiofuels and Carbon NeutralityClassification and Oxidation of AlcoholsDistinguishing Aldehydes and KetonesElimination of Water from AlcoholsTest-Tube Reactions for Functional GroupsMass Spectrometry and Molecular FormulaInfrared Spectroscopy, Functional Groups and Global Warming
Carbonyls, Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Topic overviewOxidation of Aldehydes and Distinguishing TestsReduction of Carbonyls with NaBH4Nucleophilic Addition with KCN and Hydroxynitrile FormationHazards of KCN and Formation of EnantiomersStructure and Acidity of Carboxylic AcidsEsterification and the Uses of EstersVegetable Oils, Fats and the Hydrolysis of EstersSoap and Biodiesel Production from FatsStructure of Acid Anhydrides, Acyl Chlorides and AmidesNucleophilic Addition-Elimination Reactions of Acyl ChloridesAcid Anhydrides and the Industrial Synthesis of AspirinPurifying organic solids and liquids
Aromatic Chemistry and Amines
Topic overviewBonding and Stability of BenzeneElectrophilic Substitution: NitrationElectrophilic Substitution: Friedel-Crafts AcylationPreparation of Aliphatic and Aromatic AminesBase Strength of AminesAmines as Nucleophiles, and Quaternary Ammonium SaltsAmines with Acyl Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides
Polymers, Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
Topic overviewCondensation Polymers: PolyestersCondensation Polymers: PolyamidesIntermolecular Forces in Condensation PolymersBiodegradability and Disposal of PolymersAmino Acids and ZwitterionsPeptide Bonds and Protein StructureHydrogen Bonding and Disulfide Bridges in ProteinsHydrolysis of Proteins and TLC IdentificationEnzymes, Active Sites and Inhibitors in Drug DesignDNA: Nucleotides, the Double Helix and Base PairingCisplatin and Anticancer Drug Action
Organic Synthesis, NMR and Chromatography
Topic overviewMulti-Step Synthesis RoutesGreen Chemistry Principles in Synthesis DesignPrinciples of NMR and the Delta ScaleCarbon-13 NMR InterpretationProton NMR Chemical Shift and IntegrationSpin-Spin Splitting and the n+1 RuleTMS and Deuterated SolventsThin-Layer Chromatography and Rf ValuesColumn and Gas Chromatography, and GC-MS
Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and Organic Analysis
- 12 subtopics
- 36 things to know
- Papers 2 and 3
What Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and Organic Analysis covers
Halogenoalkanes, alcohols and organic analysis is examined on Papers 2 and 3. It covers nucleophilic substitution and elimination in halogenoalkanes, the ozone problem, then the production, classification and oxidation of alcohols, and the spectroscopic methods used to identify a compound.
Where it is assessed
Papers 2 and 3
Organic and the physical chemistry behind it, then the synoptic paper.
Check the AQA specification ↗The 12 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Nucleophilic Substitution of HalogenoalkanesWhy the carbon-halogen bond is polar, the mechanism, and the products with each nucleophile.Open →
- Effect of Bond Enthalpy on Reaction RateWhy iodoalkanes hydrolyse fastest, and why bond enthalpy matters more than polarity here.Open →
- Elimination Reactions and Competing MechanismsHow the hydroxide ion acts as a base rather than a nucleophile, the elimination mechanism, and why 2-bromopropane gives both propene and propan-2-ol.Open →
- CFCs and Ozone DepletionHow chlorine radicals from CFCs catalyse ozone breakdown, and the equations for the cycle.Open →
- Industrial Production of AlcoholsHydration of ethene and fermentation, the conditions for each, and comparing them.Open →
- Biofuels and Carbon NeutralityWhat makes a fuel a biofuel, what carbon neutral means, and why the claim is disputed.Open →
- Classification and Oxidation of AlcoholsPrimary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, the oxidising agent, and the products from each.Open →
- Distinguishing Aldehydes and KetonesFehling's and Tollens' reagents, and the observations that separate the two.Open →
- Elimination of Water from AlcoholsDehydration to an alkene, the catalyst and conditions, and the mechanism.Open →
- Test-Tube Reactions for Functional GroupsThe reagents and observations that identify alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids.Open →
- Mass Spectrometry and Molecular FormulaTime of flight mass spectrometry, relative atomic mass from isotopic abundances, the molecular ion peak, and using precise masses to find a molecular formula.Open →
- Infrared Spectroscopy, Functional Groups and Global WarmingIdentifying functional groups from absorption wavenumbers, the fingerprint region, and the link to the greenhouse effect.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Process
How do chlorine atoms from CFCs catalyse the decomposition of ozone?
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How can the oxidation of alcohols be used to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?
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Why are the bonds in halogenoalkanes polar?
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Name the three nucleophiles that react with halogenoalkanes in nucleophilic substitution.
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Why do halogenoalkanes with different halogens react at different rates with nucleophiles?
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What two types of reaction can occur concurrently when a halogenoalkane such as 2-bromopropane reacts with potassium hydroxide?
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In the elimination reaction of a halogenoalkane, what is removed from the molecule to form an alkene?
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Where is ozone naturally formed?
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What is the industrial method for producing alcohols from alkenes?
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What catalyst is required for the industrial hydration of alkenes to produce alcohols?
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What is a biofuel?
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Give two examples of biofuels.
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What are the three classes of alcohols?
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What reagent is used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones?
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What observation indicates a positive result when Tollens' reagent reacts with an aldehyde?
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What type of reaction converts alcohols into alkenes?
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What catalyst is required for the elimination of water from alcohols?
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What reagent is used to test for the presence of an alkene functional group?
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What observation indicates a positive test for unsaturation when testing with bromine?
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What information does mass spectrometry provide about isotopes?
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What two quantities relating to isotopes can be determined from a mass spectrum?
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What property of infrared absorption allows bonds to be identified?
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What is fingerprinting in the context of infrared spectroscopy?
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What is a nucleophile?
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What is the trend in carbon-halogen bond enthalpies from C-F to C-I?
Process
In the elimination mechanism, what does the hydroxide ion attack to initiate the reaction?
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What species are formed when ultraviolet radiation breaks C–Cl bonds in CFCs?
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Why is the temperature for fermentation kept within a specific range rather than being increased to speed up the reaction?
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What does carbon neutral mean?
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How is a secondary alcohol defined in terms of the carbon bonded to the OH group?
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What observation indicates a positive result when Fehling's solution reacts with an aldehyde?
Process
What is the mechanism type for the elimination of water from alcohols?
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What colour change occurs when bromine water is added to an alkene?
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What molecular property can mass spectrometry be used to determine?
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What reference material should be used alongside an infrared spectrum to identify bonds and functional groups?
Take Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and Organic Analysis further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Mass number vs Relative isotopic mass
Mass number: total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. Relative isotopic mass: mass of one isotope compared with one twelfth of carbon-12.
Isotope vs Ion
Isotope: an atom with the same proton count but a different neutron count. Ion: a charged particle formed through electron loss or gain.
Halogen vs Halide ion
Halogen: a Group 17 element in its uncombined form. Halide ion: a negative species formed when a Group 17 atom gains an electron.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What type of bond do halogenoalkanes contain?
Model answer
Polar bonds
- 2
Why are the bonds in halogenoalkanes polar?
Model answer
The halogen atom is more electronegative than the carbon atom, creating an unequal distribution of electron density
- 3
What type of reaction do halogenoalkanes undergo with nucleophiles?
Model answer
Substitution reactions
- 4
Name the three nucleophiles that react with halogenoalkanes in nucleophilic substitution.
Model answer
OH⁻, CN⁻ and NH₃
- 5
What is a nucleophile?
Model answer
An electron pair donor that attacks a positive or partially positive site
- 6
In the reaction of a halogenoalkane with hydroxide ions, what is the organic product?
Model answer
An alcohol
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Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and Organic Analysis revision questions
- What does Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and Organic Analysis cover in AQA A-Level Chemistry?
- 12 subtopics: nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes, effect of bond enthalpy on reaction rate, elimination reactions and competing mechanisms, cfcs and ozone depletion, industrial production of alcohols, biofuels and carbon neutrality, classification and oxidation of alcohols, distinguishing aldehydes and ketones, elimination of water from alcohols, test-tube reactions for functional groups, mass spectrometry and molecular formula and infrared spectroscopy, functional groups and global warming. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and Organic Analysis organised?
- By the AQA 7405 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
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