Evaluation
AQA A-Level Chemistry 7405
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewFundamental ParticlesMass Number and IsotopesTime of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Ionisation and AccelerationTime of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Drift, Detection and Calculating m/zElectron Configuration: Sub-shells and OrbitalsElectron Configuration: Writing Configurations for Atoms and IonsIonisation Energies and Periodic Trends
Amount of Substance
Topic overviewRelative Atomic and Molecular MassThe Mole and the Avogadro ConstantThe Ideal Gas EquationEmpirical and Molecular FormulaBalanced Equations and Reaction CalculationsAtom Economy and Percentage YieldAcid-Base Titrations: Principles, Indicators and ApparatusAcid-Base Titrations: Standard Solutions and Calculations
Bonding
Topic overviewIonic BondingCovalent, Dative Covalent and Metallic BondingCrystal Structures: Giant Ionic Lattices and DiamondCrystal Structures: Graphite and Simple Molecular SolidsShapes of Molecules and Ions: VSEPR and Electron Pair RepulsionShapes of Molecules and Ions: Predicting Shapes and Bond AnglesElectronegativity and Bond PolarityIntermolecular Forces
Energetics and Thermodynamics
Kinetics
Topic overviewCollision Theory and Activation EnergyMaxwell-Boltzmann Distribution and the Effect of TemperatureEffect of Concentration and Pressure, and CatalystsRate Equations: The Rate Equation and Orders of ReactionRate Equations: The Effect of Concentration on RateThe Rate Constant and the Arrhenius EquationDetermining Rate Equations: The Initial Rates MethodDetermining Rate Equations: Continuous MonitoringRate Equations and Reaction Mechanisms
Chemical Equilibria
Redox and Electrochemistry
Topic overviewRedox: Definitions and the Rules for Oxidation StatesRedox: Identifying Oxidation and Reduction in a ReactionHalf-Equations and Combined Redox EquationsStandard Electrode Potentials and the Hydrogen ElectrodeElectrochemical Cells and EMF CalculationsPredicting Redox Reactions from Electrode PotentialsCommercial Cells and Fuel Cells
Acids and Bases
Periodicity and Group Chemistry
Topic overviews, p, d and f Block ClassificationTrends in Period 3Group 2 Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionisation Energy and Melting PointReactions of Group 2 with WaterSolubility Trends of Group 2 HydroxidesSolubility Trends of Group 2 SulfatesUses of Group 2 CompoundsTest for Sulfate IonsTrends in Electronegativity and Boiling Point of HalogensHalogens as Oxidising Agents and Displacement ReactionsHalide Ions as Reducing Agents: Chloride and BromideHalide Ions as Reducing Agents: Iodide, and the EquationsTest for Halide Ions Using Silver NitrateTests for Ammonium, Group 2, Hydroxide and Carbonate IonsReactions of Chlorine with WaterReactions of Chlorine with Cold Dilute NaOH and Water Treatment
Period 3 Elements and Their Oxides
Topic overviewReactions of Na and Mg with WaterPeriod 3 Elements with Oxygen: The Oxides Formed and Their BondingPeriod 3 Elements with Oxygen: Structures and Oxidation StatesMelting Points of Period 3 OxidesPeriod 3 Oxides with Water: Sodium and Magnesium OxidesPeriod 3 Oxides with Water: The Acidic Oxides and the pH TrendPeriod 3 Oxides with Acids and Bases: The ReactionsPeriod 3 Oxides with Acids and Bases: Acidic, Basic and Amphoteric
Transition Metals
Topic overviewGeneral Properties of Transition MetalsComplex Ions: Ligands, Coordinate Bonds and DenticityComplex Ions: Why a Species Can Act as a Ligand, and Coordination NumberSubstitution Reactions with Monodentate LigandsSubstitution Reactions with Bidentate and Multidentate LigandsHaemoglobin and the Chelate EffectShapes of Complex Ions and StereoisomerismFormation of Coloured Ions and the d-d TransitionColorimetry and Concentration DeterminationVariable Oxidation States and Vanadium ChemistryTollens' Reagent and Redox TitrationsHeterogeneous CatalysisVanadium(V) Oxide and the Contact ProcessHomogeneous Catalysis and AutocatalysisMetal-Aqua Ions and AcidityMetal Aqua Ions with Bases: Reactions with Hydroxide and AmmoniaMetal Aqua Ions with Bases: Why They React, and Their EquationsAmphoteric HydroxidesIdentifying Transition Metal Ions by Test-Tube Reactions
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Topic overviewAlkanes, Fractional Distillation and CrackingCombustion of Alkanes and PollutantsFree Radical Chlorination of AlkanesAlkenes: Structure, Bonding and Electrophilic AdditionMarkovnikov's Rule and Carbocation StabilityAddition Polymers and Repeating UnitsProperties and Uses of Polyalkenes
Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and Organic Analysis
Topic overviewNucleophilic Substitution of HalogenoalkanesEffect of Bond Enthalpy on Reaction RateElimination Reactions and Competing MechanismsCFCs and Ozone DepletionIndustrial Production of AlcoholsBiofuels and Carbon NeutralityClassification and Oxidation of AlcoholsDistinguishing Aldehydes and KetonesElimination of Water from AlcoholsTest-Tube Reactions for Functional GroupsMass Spectrometry and Molecular FormulaInfrared Spectroscopy, Functional Groups and Global Warming
Carbonyls, Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Topic overviewOxidation of Aldehydes and Distinguishing TestsReduction of Carbonyls with NaBH4Nucleophilic Addition with KCN and Hydroxynitrile FormationHazards of KCN and Formation of EnantiomersStructure and Acidity of Carboxylic AcidsEsterification and the Uses of EstersVegetable Oils, Fats and the Hydrolysis of EstersSoap and Biodiesel Production from FatsStructure of Acid Anhydrides, Acyl Chlorides and AmidesNucleophilic Addition-Elimination Reactions of Acyl ChloridesAcid Anhydrides and the Industrial Synthesis of AspirinPurifying organic solids and liquids
Aromatic Chemistry and Amines
Topic overviewBonding and Stability of BenzeneElectrophilic Substitution: NitrationElectrophilic Substitution: Friedel-Crafts AcylationPreparation of Aliphatic and Aromatic AminesBase Strength of AminesAmines as Nucleophiles, and Quaternary Ammonium SaltsAmines with Acyl Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides
Polymers, Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
Topic overviewCondensation Polymers: PolyestersCondensation Polymers: PolyamidesIntermolecular Forces in Condensation PolymersBiodegradability and Disposal of PolymersAmino Acids and ZwitterionsPeptide Bonds and Protein StructureHydrogen Bonding and Disulfide Bridges in ProteinsHydrolysis of Proteins and TLC IdentificationEnzymes, Active Sites and Inhibitors in Drug DesignDNA: Nucleotides, the Double Helix and Base PairingCisplatin and Anticancer Drug Action
Organic Synthesis, NMR and Chromatography
Topic overviewMulti-Step Synthesis RoutesGreen Chemistry Principles in Synthesis DesignPrinciples of NMR and the Delta ScaleCarbon-13 NMR InterpretationProton NMR Chemical Shift and IntegrationSpin-Spin Splitting and the n+1 RuleTMS and Deuterated SolventsThin-Layer Chromatography and Rf ValuesColumn and Gas Chromatography, and GC-MS
Periodicity and Group Chemistry
- 16 subtopics
- 48 things to know
- Papers 1 and 3
What Periodicity and Group Chemistry covers
Periodicity and group chemistry is examined on Papers 1 and 3, and is the largest of the inorganic topics. It covers the block classification, the trends across Period 3 and down Groups 2 and 7, the reactions of each group, and the standard test-tube tests for ions.
Where it is assessed
Papers 1 and 3
Inorganic and physical chemistry, then the synoptic paper.
Check the AQA specification ↗The 16 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- s, p, d and f Block ClassificationHow the highest energy sub-shell decides which block an element sits in.Open →
- Trends in Period 3Atomic radius, first ionisation energy and melting point across Period 3, and the reasons for each.Open →
- Group 2 Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionisation Energy and Melting PointThe trends down Group 2, and explaining them through shielding and ionic size.Open →
- Reactions of Group 2 with WaterThe products, the general equation, and why reactivity increases down the group.Open →
- Solubility Trends of Group 2 HydroxidesSolubility increasing down the group, and the use of the least soluble members.Open →
- Solubility Trends of Group 2 SulfatesSolubility decreasing down the group, and why barium sulfate is used in a barium meal.Open →
- Uses of Group 2 CompoundsTitanium extraction, neutralising acidic soil and treating indigestion.Open →
- Test for Sulfate IonsAcidified barium chloride, the white precipitate, and why the acid is added first.Open →
- Trends in Electronegativity and Boiling Point of HalogensElectronegativity falling and boiling point rising down Group 7, and the reasons for both.Open →
- Halogens as Oxidising Agents and Displacement ReactionsOxidising power decreasing down the group, and the colour changes in a displacement reaction.Open →
- Halide Ions as Reducing Agents: Chloride and BromideThe trend in reducing power down Group 7, and what solid sodium chloride and sodium bromide do to concentrated sulfuric acid.Open →
- Halide Ions as Reducing Agents: Iodide, and the EquationsWhy iodide reduces sulfuric acid furthest, the products it gives, and the equations for each reduction.Open →
- Test for Halide Ions Using Silver NitrateThe precipitate colours, and confirming them with dilute and concentrated ammonia.Open →
- Tests for Ammonium, Group 2, Hydroxide and Carbonate IonsThe reagents, observations and equations for each of these tests.Open →
- Reactions of Chlorine with WaterDisproportionation in water, the products, and the reaction in sunlight.Open →
- Reactions of Chlorine with Cold Dilute NaOH and Water TreatmentMaking bleach, and weighing the risks of chlorinating water against the benefits.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Process
How is a sulfate ion tested for?
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Why is the test for sulfate ions carried out before the test for halide ions?
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What is the relationship between an element's proton number and its block classification?
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Which subshell is being filled in s-block elements?
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What is the trend in atomic radius across Period 3 from sodium to argon?
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Why does atomic radius decrease across Period 3?
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What is the trend in atomic radius going down Group 2 from Mg to Ba?
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What are the two products formed when a Group 2 metal reacts with cold water?
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Write the general equation for the reaction of a Group 2 metal with cold water.
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What is the trend in solubility of Group 2 hydroxides from magnesium to barium?
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How would you describe the solubility of magnesium hydroxide in water?
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What is the trend in solubility of Group 2 sulfates from magnesium to barium?
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Which Group 2 sulfate is described as insoluble?
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What compound is used to neutralise soil acidity?
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Why is calcium hydroxide effective at neutralising acidic soils?
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Why is sulfuric acid not used to acidify the barium chloride solution in the sulfate ion test?
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What is the trend in electronegativity of the halogens as you descend the group?
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Why does electronegativity decrease down Group 7?
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What is the trend in oxidising ability of the halogens as you descend Group 7?
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Why does oxidising ability decrease down Group 7?
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What is the trend in reducing ability of halide ions as you descend Group 7?
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Which reagent is used to demonstrate the reducing ability of halide ions?
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What happens when solid sodium iodide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid?
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Why does iodide ion reduce sulfuric acid more extensively than bromide ion?
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What reagent is used to test for halide ions?
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Why must the silver nitrate solution be acidified when testing for halide ions?
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What reagent is added, and what is done, to test a solution for ammonium ions?
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What products form when chlorine reacts with water in the disproportionation reaction?
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What are the oxidation states of chlorine in the products of the disproportionation reaction with water?
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What is the equation for the reaction of chlorine with cold, dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide?
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What two ions are formed when chlorine reacts with cold, dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide?
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Which subshell is being filled in p-block elements?
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What is the trend in first ionisation energy across Period 3 from sodium to argon?
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Explain why atomic radius increases down Group 2.
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How does the reactivity of Group 2 metals with water change down the group?
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What is the medical use of magnesium hydroxide?
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What reagent is used to test for sulfate ions?
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What compound is used to remove sulfur dioxide from flue gases in power stations?
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How can acidified barium chloride solution be used to distinguish magnesium sulfate solution from magnesium chloride solution?
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What is the trend in boiling point of the halogens as you descend the group?
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What type of reaction occurs when a more reactive halogen is added to a solution containing a less reactive halide ion?
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What type of reaction occurs when a halide ion acts as a reducing agent?
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What are the possible reduction products of sulfuric acid when it reacts with sodium iodide?
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What acid is used to acidify the silver nitrate solution in the halide ion test?
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What gas is released when sodium hydroxide is warmed with a solution containing ammonium ions?
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What alternative products can form when chlorine reacts with water besides chloride and chlorate(I) ions?
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What is the common name for the solution formed when chlorine reacts with cold, dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide?
Take Periodicity and Group Chemistry further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Disproportionation vs Displacement
Disproportionation: one element undergoing oxidation and reduction in the same reaction. Displacement: a more reactive element replacing a less reactive element.
Thermal stability vs Solubility
Thermal stability: resistance of a compound to decomposition by heating. Solubility: extent to which a substance dissolves in a solvent.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What determines which block (s, p, d or f) an element is classified into?
Model answer
Where the element sits in the Periodic Table, a place fixed by its proton number
- 2
What is the relationship between an element's proton number and its block classification?
Model answer
The proton number determines the element's position in the Periodic Table, which in turn determines its block classification
- 3
Which subshell is being filled in s-block elements?
Model answer
The s subshell
- 4
Which subshell is being filled in p-block elements?
Model answer
The p subshell
- 5
Which subshell is being filled in d-block elements?
Model answer
The d subshell
- 6
Which subshell is being filled in f-block elements?
Model answer
The f subshell
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Periodicity and Group Chemistry revision questions
- What does Periodicity and Group Chemistry cover in AQA A-Level Chemistry?
- 16 subtopics: s, p, d and f block classification, trends in period 3, group 2 trends in atomic radius, ionisation energy and melting point, reactions of group 2 with water, solubility trends of group 2 hydroxides, solubility trends of group 2 sulfates, uses of group 2 compounds, test for sulfate ions, trends in electronegativity and boiling point of halogens, halogens as oxidising agents and displacement reactions, halide ions as reducing agents: chloride and bromide, halide ions as reducing agents: iodide, and the equations, test for halide ions using silver nitrate, tests for ammonium, group 2, hydroxide and carbonate ions, reactions of chlorine with water and reactions of chlorine with cold dilute naoh and water treatment. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Periodicity and Group Chemistry organised?
- By the AQA 7405 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Periodicity and Group Chemistry, on a schedule.
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