Key term
AQA A-Level Chemistry 7405
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewFundamental ParticlesMass Number and IsotopesTime of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Ionisation and AccelerationTime of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Drift, Detection and Calculating m/zElectron Configuration: Sub-shells and OrbitalsElectron Configuration: Writing Configurations for Atoms and IonsIonisation Energies and Periodic Trends
Amount of Substance
Topic overviewRelative Atomic and Molecular MassThe Mole and the Avogadro ConstantThe Ideal Gas EquationEmpirical and Molecular FormulaBalanced Equations and Reaction CalculationsAtom Economy and Percentage YieldAcid-Base Titrations: Principles, Indicators and ApparatusAcid-Base Titrations: Standard Solutions and Calculations
Bonding
Topic overviewIonic BondingCovalent, Dative Covalent and Metallic BondingCrystal Structures: Giant Ionic Lattices and DiamondCrystal Structures: Graphite and Simple Molecular SolidsShapes of Molecules and Ions: VSEPR and Electron Pair RepulsionShapes of Molecules and Ions: Predicting Shapes and Bond AnglesElectronegativity and Bond PolarityIntermolecular Forces
Energetics and Thermodynamics
Kinetics
Topic overviewCollision Theory and Activation EnergyMaxwell-Boltzmann Distribution and the Effect of TemperatureEffect of Concentration and Pressure, and CatalystsRate Equations: The Rate Equation and Orders of ReactionRate Equations: The Effect of Concentration on RateThe Rate Constant and the Arrhenius EquationDetermining Rate Equations: The Initial Rates MethodDetermining Rate Equations: Continuous MonitoringRate Equations and Reaction Mechanisms
Chemical Equilibria
Redox and Electrochemistry
Topic overviewRedox: Definitions and the Rules for Oxidation StatesRedox: Identifying Oxidation and Reduction in a ReactionHalf-Equations and Combined Redox EquationsStandard Electrode Potentials and the Hydrogen ElectrodeElectrochemical Cells and EMF CalculationsPredicting Redox Reactions from Electrode PotentialsCommercial Cells and Fuel Cells
Acids and Bases
Periodicity and Group Chemistry
Topic overviews, p, d and f Block ClassificationTrends in Period 3Group 2 Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionisation Energy and Melting PointReactions of Group 2 with WaterSolubility Trends of Group 2 HydroxidesSolubility Trends of Group 2 SulfatesUses of Group 2 CompoundsTest for Sulfate IonsTrends in Electronegativity and Boiling Point of HalogensHalogens as Oxidising Agents and Displacement ReactionsHalide Ions as Reducing Agents: Chloride and BromideHalide Ions as Reducing Agents: Iodide, and the EquationsTest for Halide Ions Using Silver NitrateTests for Ammonium, Group 2, Hydroxide and Carbonate IonsReactions of Chlorine with WaterReactions of Chlorine with Cold Dilute NaOH and Water Treatment
Period 3 Elements and Their Oxides
Topic overviewReactions of Na and Mg with WaterPeriod 3 Elements with Oxygen: The Oxides Formed and Their BondingPeriod 3 Elements with Oxygen: Structures and Oxidation StatesMelting Points of Period 3 OxidesPeriod 3 Oxides with Water: Sodium and Magnesium OxidesPeriod 3 Oxides with Water: The Acidic Oxides and the pH TrendPeriod 3 Oxides with Acids and Bases: The ReactionsPeriod 3 Oxides with Acids and Bases: Acidic, Basic and Amphoteric
Transition Metals
Topic overviewGeneral Properties of Transition MetalsComplex Ions: Ligands, Coordinate Bonds and DenticityComplex Ions: Why a Species Can Act as a Ligand, and Coordination NumberSubstitution Reactions with Monodentate LigandsSubstitution Reactions with Bidentate and Multidentate LigandsHaemoglobin and the Chelate EffectShapes of Complex Ions and StereoisomerismFormation of Coloured Ions and the d-d TransitionColorimetry and Concentration DeterminationVariable Oxidation States and Vanadium ChemistryTollens' Reagent and Redox TitrationsHeterogeneous CatalysisVanadium(V) Oxide and the Contact ProcessHomogeneous Catalysis and AutocatalysisMetal-Aqua Ions and AcidityMetal Aqua Ions with Bases: Reactions with Hydroxide and AmmoniaMetal Aqua Ions with Bases: Why They React, and Their EquationsAmphoteric HydroxidesIdentifying Transition Metal Ions by Test-Tube Reactions
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Topic overviewAlkanes, Fractional Distillation and CrackingCombustion of Alkanes and PollutantsFree Radical Chlorination of AlkanesAlkenes: Structure, Bonding and Electrophilic AdditionMarkovnikov's Rule and Carbocation StabilityAddition Polymers and Repeating UnitsProperties and Uses of Polyalkenes
Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and Organic Analysis
Topic overviewNucleophilic Substitution of HalogenoalkanesEffect of Bond Enthalpy on Reaction RateElimination Reactions and Competing MechanismsCFCs and Ozone DepletionIndustrial Production of AlcoholsBiofuels and Carbon NeutralityClassification and Oxidation of AlcoholsDistinguishing Aldehydes and KetonesElimination of Water from AlcoholsTest-Tube Reactions for Functional GroupsMass Spectrometry and Molecular FormulaInfrared Spectroscopy, Functional Groups and Global Warming
Carbonyls, Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Topic overviewOxidation of Aldehydes and Distinguishing TestsReduction of Carbonyls with NaBH4Nucleophilic Addition with KCN and Hydroxynitrile FormationHazards of KCN and Formation of EnantiomersStructure and Acidity of Carboxylic AcidsEsterification and the Uses of EstersVegetable Oils, Fats and the Hydrolysis of EstersSoap and Biodiesel Production from FatsStructure of Acid Anhydrides, Acyl Chlorides and AmidesNucleophilic Addition-Elimination Reactions of Acyl ChloridesAcid Anhydrides and the Industrial Synthesis of AspirinPurifying organic solids and liquids
Aromatic Chemistry and Amines
Topic overviewBonding and Stability of BenzeneElectrophilic Substitution: NitrationElectrophilic Substitution: Friedel-Crafts AcylationPreparation of Aliphatic and Aromatic AminesBase Strength of AminesAmines as Nucleophiles, and Quaternary Ammonium SaltsAmines with Acyl Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides
Polymers, Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
Topic overviewCondensation Polymers: PolyestersCondensation Polymers: PolyamidesIntermolecular Forces in Condensation PolymersBiodegradability and Disposal of PolymersAmino Acids and ZwitterionsPeptide Bonds and Protein StructureHydrogen Bonding and Disulfide Bridges in ProteinsHydrolysis of Proteins and TLC IdentificationEnzymes, Active Sites and Inhibitors in Drug DesignDNA: Nucleotides, the Double Helix and Base PairingCisplatin and Anticancer Drug Action
Organic Synthesis, NMR and Chromatography
Topic overviewMulti-Step Synthesis RoutesGreen Chemistry Principles in Synthesis DesignPrinciples of NMR and the Delta ScaleCarbon-13 NMR InterpretationProton NMR Chemical Shift and IntegrationSpin-Spin Splitting and the n+1 RuleTMS and Deuterated SolventsThin-Layer Chromatography and Rf ValuesColumn and Gas Chromatography, and GC-MS
Bonding
- 8 subtopics
- 24 things to know
- Papers 1, 2 and 3
What Bonding covers
Bonding is examined on Papers 1, 2 and 3. It explains how atoms are held together in the three bond types, what that does to the structures they form, and how shape, polarity and the forces between molecules follow from it.
Where it is assessed
Papers 1, 2 and 3
Physical chemistry drawn on by both written papers.
Check the AQA specification ↗The 8 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Ionic BondingElectrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and the giant lattice it produces.Open →
- Covalent, Dative Covalent and Metallic BondingShared pairs, dative bonds where one atom supplies both electrons, and the delocalised electrons of a metal.Open →
- Crystal Structures: Giant Ionic Lattices and DiamondGiant ionic lattices and giant covalent diamond, and the properties their structures explain.Open →
- Crystal Structures: Graphite and Simple Molecular SolidsGraphite's layers and delocalised electrons, and why simple molecular solids melt so easily.Open →
- Shapes of Molecules and Ions: VSEPR and Electron Pair RepulsionElectron pair repulsion theory, and why a lone pair repels more strongly than a bonding pair.Open →
- Shapes of Molecules and Ions: Predicting Shapes and Bond AnglesWorking out the shape and bond angle from the number of bonding and lone pairs around the central atom.Open →
- Electronegativity and Bond PolarityElectronegativity trends, polar bonds, and why a molecule with polar bonds can still be non-polar.Open →
- Intermolecular ForcesVan der Waals, permanent dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding, and their effect on boiling point.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Give an example of a molecule or ion that contains a dative covalent bond.
Key term
What is ionic bonding?
Key term
What is a covalent bond?
Key term
What is the structure of sodium chloride?
Key term
Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
Key term
What type of structure does graphite have?
Key term
What type of bonding exists between the layers in graphite?
Key term
What theory is used to predict the shapes of molecules and ions?
Key term
What does VSEPR stand for?
Key term
What shape does a molecule with three bonding pairs and one lone pair adopt?
Key term
What shape does a molecule with two bonding pairs and two lone pairs adopt?
Key term
What is electronegativity?
Key term
What is the trend in electronegativity across a period?
Key term
What are the three types of intermolecular forces?
Key term
What is another name for induced dipole-dipole forces?
Key term
How can you predict the charge on a simple ion from the Periodic Table?
Key term
What is a dative covalent bond?
Key term
Why do ionic compounds not conduct electricity when solid?
Key term
Why is graphite slippery?
Key term
What is the fundamental principle behind VSEPR theory?
Key term
Why is the bond angle in ammonia less than the tetrahedral angle?
Key term
What is the trend in electronegativity down a group?
Key term
What causes permanent dipole-dipole forces between molecules?
Take Bonding further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Ionic bond vs Covalent bond
Ionic bond: electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged particles. Covalent bond: electrostatic attraction between shared electrons and both nuclei.
Bonding pair vs Lone pair
Bonding pair: two shared electrons forming a covalent link. Lone pair: two outer-shell electrons not used in bonding.
Giant ionic lattice vs Giant covalent lattice
Giant ionic lattice: a repeating three-dimensional arrangement of oppositely charged ions. Giant covalent lattice: a repeating network of atoms joined by covalent bonds.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is ionic bonding?
Model answer
The attraction holding oppositely charged ions together within a lattice
- 2
What type of force holds ions together in an ionic compound?
Model answer
Electrostatic attraction
- 3
What is the structure of an ionic compound called?
Model answer
A lattice
- 4
What is the formula of the sulfate ion?
Model answer
SO₄²⁻
- 5
What is the formula of the hydroxide ion?
Model answer
OH⁻
- 6
What is the formula of the nitrate ion?
Model answer
NO₃⁻
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Bonding revision questions
- What does Bonding cover in AQA A-Level Chemistry?
- 8 subtopics: ionic bonding, covalent, dative covalent and metallic bonding, crystal structures: giant ionic lattices and diamond, crystal structures: graphite and simple molecular solids, shapes of molecules and ions: vsepr and electron pair repulsion, shapes of molecules and ions: predicting shapes and bond angles, electronegativity and bond polarity and intermolecular forces. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Bonding organised?
- By the AQA 7405 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Bonding, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
Or £46 a year, about £3.83 a month. Cancel anytime.