Key term
AQA A-Level Geography 7037
Water and Carbon Cycles
Topic overviewSystems, Stores and FlowsMass Balance in Water and Carbon StoresFieldwork and the Rainforest Case StudyMeasures of Central Tendency and DispersionSpearman's Rank, Chi-Square and Data AnalysisScatter Graphs, Triangular Graphs and Logarithmic ScalesAtlas, Thematic and Flow-Line MapsOS Maps, Sketch Maps and Field SketchesRemote Sensing, GIS and Big DataQualitative Data, Questionnaires and InterviewsSampling, Accuracy and Measurement ErrorData Misuse and Research EthicsThe Global Water StoresEvaporation, Condensation and Cloud FormationPrecipitation and Cryospheric ProcessesThe Drainage Basin as an Open SystemInfiltration and Overland FlowThe Water Balance EquationFlood HydrographsHuman Impacts on the Water CycleThe Global Carbon StoresPhotosynthesis, Respiration and Carbon TransferFarming, Land Use and Carbon SinksGreenhouse Gases and Links between the CyclesFeedback Loops and Climate ChangeCarbon Sequestration and MitigationMass Balance in a Drainage BasinUnit Conversion and Flux CalculationsLine Graphs, Bar Graphs and Pie ChartsWater and Carbon Cycles in the Tropical RainforestThe Amazon rainforest case studyStores within a River CatchmentTransfers and the Controls on Catchment HydrologyThe River Eden catchment case study
Hot Desert Systems and LandscapesLandscape
Topic overviewDeserts as Systems: Inputs, Stores, Flows and FeedbackDesert Climate, Soils and VegetationThe Aridity IndexEnergy, Sediment and Geomorphic Processes in DesertsThermal Fracture and Rock BreakdownDeflation, Abrasion and Aeolian TransportDesert Water Sources and Ephemeral StreamsDeflation Hollows, Yardangs and ZeugenBarchan and Seif DunesWadis, Bahadas and PedimentsPlayas, Inselbergs and Landscape DevelopmentObservation, Measurement and Mapping in DesertsDeath Valley hot desert case studyThe Causes and Definition of DesertificationEnvironmental Impacts of DesertificationHuman Impacts and Responses to DesertificationDesertification on the Yatenga plateau, Burkina Faso
Coastal Systems and LandscapesLandscape
Topic overviewEnergy Inputs to the Coastal SystemCoastal Flows and FeedbackWaves, Tides and Sediment CellsMarine Erosion and Transport ProcessesCliffs, Notches and Wave-Cut PlatformsBeaches, Spits and BarsSand Dune Formation and SuccessionEstuaries, Mudflats and SaltmarshSea Level Change and Coastlines of SubmergenceEmergent Coastlines and Present Sea Level RiseHard Engineering at the CoastSoft Engineering and Managed RetreatThe Holderness coast case studyThe Sundarbans and the Ganges–Brahmaputra delta
Glacial Systems and LandscapesLandscape
Topic overviewGlaciers as Systems: Inputs, Stores and FlowsIce-Albedo and Negative FeedbackDynamic Equilibrium, Landforms and LandscapesThe Glacial Mass Budget and Ice MovementThe Distribution of Cold EnvironmentsClimate, Soils and Vegetation in Cold EnvironmentsCorrie FormationGlacial Troughs and Hanging ValleysRoches Moutonnées, Drumlins and ErraticsMoraines, Till and Fluvioglacial LandformsPeriglacial Landforms and ProcessesThermokarst and Landform DistributionThe Fragility of Cold EnvironmentsImpacts and Management of Cold EnvironmentsFieldwork Skills in Glaciated EnvironmentsGlacial Case Study RequirementsCwm Idwal and the Ogwen valley case studyAlaska as a contrasting glaciated landscape
HazardsHazards or ecosystems
Topic overviewNatural Hazards: Types, Perception and ResponsesThe Park ModelThe Hazard Management CycleThe Internal Structure of the EarthPlate Tectonic Theory and Plate MovementPlate Margins and SeismicityWhere Vulcanicity OccursVolcanic Hazards and Eruption MagnitudeVolcanic Prediction, Impacts and ResponsesA Recent Volcanic EventHow Earthquakes HappenSeismic Hazards, Distribution and MagnitudeEarthquake Prediction, Impacts and ResponsesFocus, Epicentre and Seismic VulnerabilityThe 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunamiTropical Storm Formation and IntensificationTropical Storm Hazards, Distribution and MagnitudeThe Impacts of Tropical StormsManaging Storm Risk in Contrasting PlacesTyphoon Haiyan and Hurricane Maria comparedWildfires and Vegetation TypeWeather Conditions and Wildfire RiskCauses of IgnitionPrimary, Secondary and Environmental Impacts of WildfiresSocial, Economic and Political Impacts of WildfiresShort- and Long-Term Responses to WildfiresWildfire Preparedness, Prevention and AdaptationThe 2018 Camp FireThe Philippines as a multi-hazard environmentLiving with Vesuvius in the Naples area
Ecosystems Under StressHazards or ecosystems
Topic overviewBiodiversity Levels and Causes of DeclineBiodiversity Loss and Ecosystem ServicesEcosystem Structure, Trophic Levels and Food WebsEcosystem Inputs, Outputs, Stores and TransfersBiomass, Net Primary Production and SuccessionNutrient Cycling, Climate and SoilEnvironmental Controls and Ecosystem FeedbackBiomes and the Tropical Rainforest EnvironmentRainforest Stratification and AdaptationsSavanna Climate, Soils and AdaptationsHuman Impacts on the Tropical RainforestHuman Impacts on the SavannaSuccession and Climatic ClimaxTemperate Deciduous WoodlandPlagioclimax and Heather MoorlandCoral Reef Conditions, Services and StressesHuman Pressures and Coral Reef ManagementThe Great Barrier Reef: Extent and BleachingCrown-of-Thorns Starfish and Reef TourismLocal Ecosystems: Heathland, Parkland, Ponds and DunesAdaptations to Dry EnvironmentsAgriculture, Urbanisation and Invasive SpeciesEcological Change and Conservation StrategiesSustainability and Stakeholder ConflictStudying Local Ecosystems and Ecological ChangeThe Sefton Coast sand dunes case studyEcological change in Borneo
Global Systems and Global Governance
Topic overviewGlobal Flows of Capital, Labour, Goods and InformationGlobal Patterns of Production and DistributionTransport and Communications in GlobalisationSecurity, Tariffs and Trade BarriersForms of Global InterdependenceUnequal Flows and Global StabilityWorld Trade Patterns and Market AccessTransnational CorporationsTrade in Food and Manufactured GoodsCase Study: A Transnational CorporationWhat Global Governance MeansScales of GovernanceThe Global CommonsThe Physical Character of AntarcticaThe Southern Ocean and Climate Threats to AntarcticaThreats to Antarctic ResourcesThe Antarctic TreatyUNEP, NGOs and the Limits of Antarctic GovernanceBenefits and Costs of GlobalisationConflict, Environmental Costs and Critiquing Globalisation
Changing Places
Topic overviewWhat Place MeansEndogenous Factors: Location, Physical and Built SettingEndogenous Factors: Demographic and EconomicExogenous Factors, Relationships and ConnectionsContinuity and Change in PlacesLocal and Contrasting Place StudiesDetroit as a contrasting place studyMigration, Investment and Cultural Change in PlacesPolicy as an External Force on PlaceThe Legacy of Past ConnectionsGlobal Networks and Changing Place CharacteristicsInequality and Access between PlacesLived Experience and Shaping Place MeaningsRepresenting Place and Contested MeaningsThe Requirements of a Place StudySources for Place Studies
Contemporary Urban EnvironmentsHuman option
Topic overviewUrbanisation and Its Related ProcessesThe Drivers of UrbanisationDeindustrialisation, Decentralisation and Regeneration PolicyMegacities and World CitiesWhat Shapes Urban FormCultural Diversity and Urban SegregationNew Urban Landscapes and the Post-Modern CityEconomic Inequality within CitiesManaging Urban Inequality and DiversityEmployment Programmes and Top-Down StrategiesThe Urban Heat Island and Urban PrecipitationUrban Winds and Air QualityImpermeable Surfaces and Urban CatchmentsUrban HydrographsSustainable Urban Drainage SystemsRiver Restoration and the Benefits of SUDSWho Delivers River RestorationCheonggyecheon river restoration in SeoulSources and Composition of Urban WasteRecycling, Recovery and Waste DisposalLandfill and Incineration ComparedUrban Air and Water PollutantsDereliction and Pollution in Contrasting CitiesManaging Urban Pollution and DerelictionThe Local Environmental Impact of CitiesDimensions of Urban SustainabilityCompact Form, Mixed Use and LiveabilityContrasting Urban Case Studies
Population and the EnvironmentHuman option
Topic overviewThe Physical Environment and PopulationGlobal Food Production and Agricultural SystemsTropical Wet and Semi-Arid ClimatesZonal Soils: Chernozems and LatosolsSoil Erosion and Its ManagementWaterlogging, Salinisation and Soil StructureThe Dimensions of Food SecurityStudying Climatic Types and Zonal SoilsGlasgow: place and health case studyHealth, Morbidity and the Epidemiological TransitionPhysical Environment and DiseaseMalaria: Distribution, Impacts and ManagementCoronary Heart Disease and Non-Communicable DiseasesGlobal Health Initiatives and Disease StudiesThe Demographic Transition ModelFertility, Population Structure and the Demographic DividendMigrant Types and Causes of MigrationPush and Pull Factors in MigrationThe Components of Population ChangeOptimum Population and Resource DemandEcological Footprint and Population–Resource TheoriesOzone Depletion and Human HealthClimate Change, Heatwaves and Vector-Borne DiseaseClimate Change, Food Supply and NutritionGlobal Population ProjectionsJapan's population decline
Resource SecurityHuman option
Topic overviewStock and Flow Resources and ReservesResource Certainty and Development StagesResource Frontiers, Peaks and Sustainable DevelopmentEnvironmental Impact AssessmentGlobal Production and Consumption of Energy and MineralsThe Geopolitics of Energy, Minerals and WaterWater Sources and DemandWater Supply StrategiesThe Colorado River water supply schemeThe Costs of Supply and Managing DemandWater Conflict and Major Supply SchemesEnergy Types, Mix and Physical Controls on SupplyTNCs, National Interests and Energy ImpactsIncreasing Energy Supply: Unconventional, Nuclear and RenewableReducing Energy DemandEnvironmental Impacts and Sustainability of EnergyThe Alberta oil sands developmentChoosing a Mineral Ore Case StudyDemand for and Occurrence of Mineral OresThe Environmental Cost of Mineral ExtractionThe Bingham Canyon copper mineSustainability in Mineral SupplyAlternative Energy FuturesAlternative Water FuturesMineral Ore FuturesDrivers of Resource TransitionsResource Security and Human Welfare
Water and Carbon Cycles
- 34 subtopics
- 88 things to know
- Component 1
What Water and Carbon Cycles covers
The two great cycles that move water and carbon between land, ocean and atmosphere, studied as systems with stores, flows and feedback. Everyone sits this as Section A of Component 1, and it carries the quantitative and fieldwork skills the rest of the course leans on.
The 34 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Systems, Stores and FlowsRecall questions on inputs, outputs, energy, stores and flows, and on how positive and negative feedback affect a system's stability.Open →
- Mass Balance in Water and Carbon StoresRecall questions on what mass balance means, what inputs and outputs represent in the equation and how net change in storage is found.Open →
- Fieldwork and the Rainforest Case StudyRecall questions on presenting data well, using field measurements to study the water cycle and why rainforest makes a good case study.Open →
- Measures of Central Tendency and DispersionRecall questions on the mean, mode and median as measures of central tendency, on range, inter-quartile range and standard deviation as measures of dispersion, and on reading, using and the limitations of dispersion diagrams.Open →
- Spearman's Rank, Chi-Square and Data AnalysisRecall questions on what Spearman's rank measures, its significance and sign, the purpose of the chi-square test with observed and expected frequencies and significance, and on analysing water and carbon cycle field data for patterns and anomalies.Open →
- Scatter Graphs, Triangular Graphs and Logarithmic ScalesRecall questions on scatter graphs and lines of best fit for showing relationships between variables, on triangular graphs and the three-component data they display, and on when a logarithmic scale is useful and how it differs from a linear one.Open →
- Atlas, Thematic and Flow-Line MapsRecall questions on choropleth, isoline and dot maps, on flow, desire and trip lines for showing movement, and on atlas maps, synoptic charts with their pressure systems and proportional symbol maps, with the limitations of each.Open →
- OS Maps, Sketch Maps and Field SketchesRecall questions on 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 OS maps, contour lines and six-figure grid references, on sketch maps and field sketches, and on labelling, annotation and overlays.Open →
- Remote Sensing, GIS and Big DataRecall questions on remotely sensed data, satellite images, aerial photographs and digital imagery, on using GIS to collect, analyse and present data, and on crowd-sourced data, big data and electronic databases with their advantages and limitations.Open →
- Qualitative Data, Questionnaires and InterviewsRecall questions on examples of qualitative field data in water cycle studies such as soil colour, how it differs from quantitative data, coding and text analysis, and on questionnaires, interviews and primary data in fieldwork.Open →
- Sampling, Accuracy and Measurement ErrorRecall questions on random, systematic and stratified sampling, point, line and area sampling and sample size, and on accuracy and precision, random and systematic measurement error and the reliability of data.Open →
- Data Misuse and Research EthicsRecall questions on how graphs and selective data can mislead, why correlation does not prove causation and why secondary sources should be questioned, and on informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality and representing communities in research.Open →
- The Global Water StoresRecall questions on water held in the lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and atmosphere, and on why each store matters.Open →
- Evaporation, Condensation and Cloud FormationRecall questions on evaporation and how temperature, humidity, wind speed and surface area affect its rate, and on condensation, condensation nuclei, adiabatic cooling and why air must rise for clouds to form.Open →
- Precipitation and Cryospheric ProcessesRecall questions on frontal, orographic and convectional precipitation, and on accumulation and ablation in the cryosphere.Open →
- The Drainage Basin as an Open SystemRecall questions on why a drainage basin is an open system, its watershed and precipitation input, evaporation, transpiration and runoff as outputs, and interception, surface, soil water, groundwater and channel storage, with stemflow.Open →
- Infiltration and Overland FlowRecall questions on infiltration and its capacity, the conditions producing overland flow and the difference between its two forms.Open →
- The Water Balance EquationRecall questions on the equation itself, the relationship it expresses and what each of its terms stands for.Open →
- Flood HydrographsRecall questions on what a hydrograph shows and on the rising limb, peak discharge, lag time and recession limb.Open →
- Human Impacts on the Water CycleRecall questions on how ploughing, irrigation, land drainage and deforestation alter interception, infiltration and evapotranspiration.Open →
- The Global Carbon StoresRecall questions on the largest carbon store on Earth and on the forms carbon takes in the lithosphere and the hydrosphere.Open →
- Photosynthesis, Respiration and Carbon TransferRecall questions on how plants take up carbon dioxide, what photosynthesis produces and how respiration moves carbon between stores.Open →
- Farming, Land Use and Carbon SinksRecall questions on how ploughing, livestock, paddy fields, fertiliser and deforestation alter the carbon cycle, on land use change and the carbon budget, and on when land acts as a carbon sink or source and why oceans are a major sink.Open →
- Greenhouse Gases and Links between the CyclesRecall questions on how CO₂ enhances the greenhouse effect and affects climate, the two principal greenhouse gases and the role of water vapour, and on how the water and carbon cycles support life and are linked through photosynthesis and the oceans.Open →
- Feedback Loops and Climate ChangeRecall questions on positive and negative feedback loops, the ice-albedo, water vapour and permafrost positive feedbacks, enhanced weathering and plant growth as negative feedbacks, and the implications of climate change for life on Earth.Open →
- Carbon Sequestration and MitigationRecall questions on afforestation and reforestation, carbon capture and storage from source to geological store, BECCS and negative emissions, enhanced weathering, ocean fertilisation, soil carbon management, reducing deforestation, wetland restoration and direct air capture.Open →
- Mass Balance in a Drainage BasinRecall questions on the inputs and outputs of a drainage basin, how its mass balance is calculated and how the result is read.Open →
- Unit Conversion and Flux CalculationsRecall questions on converting cubic metres to litres, cumecs, units of mass from gigatonnes to grams, units of time and square kilometres to square metres, and on calculating change in storage in a drainage basin water balance and carbon flux rates.Open →
- Line Graphs, Bar Graphs and Pie ChartsRecall questions on choosing graphs for discharge, infiltration and other water cycle field data, on comparative, compound and divergent line and bar graphs and when to use each, and on pie charts, proportional divided circles and their limitations.Open →
- Water and Carbon Cycles in the Tropical RainforestRecall questions on rainforest precipitation, canopy interception, stemflow, throughfall, infiltration and evapotranspiration, on carbon uptake, stores, respiration and decomposition, and on how deforestation, logging, farming, mining and urbanisation alter both cycles.Open →
- The Amazon rainforest case studyThe Amazon as the rainforest case study: its water recycling and carbon store, the causes and changing rate of deforestation since 2004, drought, and the Soy Moratorium, protected areas and the Amazon Fund evaluated.Open →
- Stores within a River CatchmentRecall questions on soil moisture, groundwater and channel storage, and on the part vegetation plays as a store.Open →
- Transfers and the Controls on Catchment HydrologyRecall questions on overland and channel flow, and on how rainfall intensity and duration alter stores and transfers.Open →
- The River Eden catchment case studyThe River Eden in Cumbria as the local catchment case study: geology and land use, Storm Desmond and the 2015 Carlisle floods, Haweswater water supply, field data, and flood management evaluated.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Define stores (or components) within a system.
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What is the difference between an open system and a closed system?
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What is mass balance in the context of water or carbon stores?
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In a mass balance equation, what do outputs represent?
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Give examples of units commonly used to measure water quantities.
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What does appropriate data presentation involve in geographical investigations?
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How does a tropical rainforest illustrate key carbon cycle processes?
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What is the significance of studying precipitation in a drainage basin?
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Define the mean as a measure of central tendency.
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What is central tendency in statistics?
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What does standard deviation measure?
Numbers
How is the significance of a Spearman's rank result determined?
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What is a scatter graph used to show?
Numbers
What type of data is suitable for display on a triangular graph?
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What are trip lines on a map?
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What is GIS?
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What is 'big data' in a geographical context?
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What is the lithosphere in terms of water storage?
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What is evaporation and what provides the energy for it?
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What is condensation and what energy change accompanies it?
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Explain how frontal precipitation occurs.
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How do cryospheric processes affect river regimes at the drainage basin scale?
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Define runoff as an output from a drainage basin.
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What is infiltration?
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Under what conditions does overland flow occur?
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Define throughflow.
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What relationship does the water balance equation express?
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What does ΔS indicate in the water balance equation?
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When does a positive water balance (water surplus) occur?
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What does a flood hydrograph show?
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What does the falling limb (recession limb) of a hydrograph show?
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What are the characteristics of a flashy hydrograph?
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What happens to interception and evapotranspiration following deforestation?
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What are the consequences of water abstraction from rivers and aquifers?
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What can happen if groundwater abstraction exceeds recharge rates?
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Which carbon store is the largest on Earth?
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Where is carbon stored within the hydrosphere?
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Where is carbon stored within the biosphere?
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What organic products are formed when plants convert absorbed CO₂ during photosynthesis?
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How does carbon become sequestered in sedimentary rocks on the ocean floor?
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How do carbon flows change at the sere scale during ecological succession?
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How does fertiliser use affect the carbon cycle?
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Under what conditions do land surfaces act as carbon sinks?
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How does CO₂ enhance the greenhouse effect?
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Name the two principal greenhouse gases responsible for regulating Earth's temperature through the greenhouse effect.
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In what way does water vapour function as a greenhouse gas?
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What happens to the rate of oceanic carbon dioxide absorption when sea surface temperatures rise?
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Explain how enhanced weathering acts as a negative feedback in the natural carbon cycle.
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What is the difference between afforestation and reforestation?
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What is bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)?
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What are the inputs to a drainage basin system when calculating mass balance in the water cycle?
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How would you interpret a mass balance calculation where inputs equal outputs?
Numbers
What is the equivalence between 1 mm of rainfall and litres per square metre?
Numbers
How many minutes are in one hour?
Numbers
How many days are typically used when converting to years for flux calculations?
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State the formula for calculating carbon flux rate.
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Give five examples of qualitative field data collected in water cycle studies.
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When would a scatter graph be an appropriate choice for presenting water cycle field data?
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How should patterns and anomalies in field data be explained?
Numbers
Where is the majority of carbon stored in a tropical rainforest ecosystem?
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How is carbon released through respiration in a tropical rainforest?
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How does deforestation in a tropical rainforest affect surface runoff?
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What does channel storage refer to in a river catchment?
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How does vegetation act as a water store in a drainage basin?
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How does groundwater flow contribute to river discharge?
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What effect does precipitation duration have on catchment hydrology?
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In what ways can catchment characteristics influence water quality for supply?
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What catchment characteristics increase flood risk?
Process
Define inputs, outputs and energy in a physical system.
Process
Define the mode, the median and the range.
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What is the difference between a 1:25,000 and a 1:50,000 OS map?
Process
How are contour lines on an OS map used to interpret relief?
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What is the difference between labelling and annotating a map, photograph or sketch?
Process
Why does sample size matter in geographical investigation?
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What is the difference between accuracy and precision in measurement?
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What is the difference between random and systematic measurement error?
Process
Why should the source of secondary data be questioned?
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What is informed consent in geographical research?
Process
Why might some groups be under-represented when collecting data about a community?
Process
Describe the hydrosphere, the cryosphere and the atmosphere as water stores.
Process
Describe the rising limb, peak discharge and recession limb of a flood hydrograph.
Process
How does the Amazon rainforest recycle water?
Process
How does deforestation affect the water cycle of the Amazon?
Process
How have protected areas and the Amazon Fund been used to manage the rainforest?
Process
How does land use affect the hydrology of the Eden catchment?
Process
What happened in the Eden catchment during Storm Desmond in December 2015?
Process
What does Storm Desmond show about the impact of precipitation on catchment stores and transfers?
Take Water and Carbon Cycles further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Infiltration vs Percolation
Infiltration: water entering the soil from the ground surface. Percolation: water moving downward through soil and permeable rock.
Carbon source vs Carbon sink
Carbon source: store releasing more carbon than it absorbs. Carbon sink: store absorbing more carbon than it releases.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Define a system in physical geography.
Model answer
A set of interrelated components working together as a complex whole, with inputs, outputs, stores and transfers of energy and matter.
- 2
What are inputs in a systems context?
Model answer
Additions of energy or matter entering a system from outside its boundaries.
- 3
What are outputs in a systems context?
Model answer
Losses of energy or matter leaving a system across its boundaries.
- 4
What does energy refer to in physical systems?
Model answer
The capacity to do work, driving transfers and transformations within the system.
- 5
Define stores (or components) within a system.
Model answer
Parts of a system where energy or matter is held for a period of time.
- 6
What are flows (or transfers) in a system?
Model answer
Movements of energy or matter between stores within a system.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Water and Carbon Cycles revision questions
- What does Water and Carbon Cycles cover in AQA A-Level Geography?
- 34 subtopics: systems, stores and flows, mass balance in water and carbon stores, fieldwork and the rainforest case study, measures of central tendency and dispersion, spearman's rank, chi-square and data analysis, scatter graphs, triangular graphs and logarithmic scales, atlas, thematic and flow-line maps, os maps, sketch maps and field sketches, remote sensing, gis and big data, qualitative data, questionnaires and interviews, sampling, accuracy and measurement error, data misuse and research ethics, the global water stores, evaporation, condensation and cloud formation, precipitation and cryospheric processes, the drainage basin as an open system, infiltration and overland flow, the water balance equation, flood hydrographs, human impacts on the water cycle, the global carbon stores, photosynthesis, respiration and carbon transfer, farming, land use and carbon sinks, greenhouse gases and links between the cycles, feedback loops and climate change, carbon sequestration and mitigation, mass balance in a drainage basin, unit conversion and flux calculations, line graphs, bar graphs and pie charts, water and carbon cycles in the tropical rainforest, the amazon rainforest case study, stores within a river catchment, transfers and the controls on catchment hydrology and the river eden catchment case study. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Water and Carbon Cycles organised?
- By the AQA 7037 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Water and Carbon Cycles, on a schedule.
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