Define a drumlin and describe its characteristic shape.

A drumlin is an elongated, streamlined hill of glacial till with a steep stoss end facing up-glacier and a gentler lee slope facing down-glacier, formed beneath moving ice.

How does ice flow contribute to the shape of a drumlin?

Ice flow moulds and streamlines the deposited till into an elongated form.

What is a till plain?

An extensive flat or gently undulating area of glacial till deposited beneath or at the margins of ice sheets, forming lowland landscapes.

Edexcel A-Level Geography 9GE0

Tectonic Processes and Hazards

Topic overview Global distribution of tectonic hazards and plate boundary processes The structure of the Earth and mantle convection Ridge push, slab pull and sea-floor spreading Destructive and constructive plate margins Collision and transform margins Magma composition and eruption style The Benioff zone and earthquake magnitude Seismic waves and their effects Volcanic hazards and tsunamis Hazard, vulnerability, resilience and the risk equation The Pressure and Release model The impacts of tectonic hazards Measuring hazards, and the hazard profile Speed of onset, areal extent, duration and predictability Why impacts differ between countries Education, buildings, healthcare and income as factors in vulnerability Governance at local and national level Population density, isolation and urbanisation How development level shapes disaster outcomes Trends in tectonic disasters, data reliability and sampling Mega-disasters and multiple-hazard zones Theoretical frameworks for prediction, impact and management Land-use zoning and hazard-resistant design Monitoring, prediction, preparedness and aid

Glaciated Landscapes and ChangeLandscape

Topic overview The cryosphere and the types of glacier Glacial chronology and the causes of climate change Evidence for Pleistocene ice extent Relict glacial landscapes, and polar against temperate glaciers Permafrost, nivation, frost heave and solifluction Ice wedges, patterned ground, pingos and loess Glacial mass balance and the ice-albedo feedback Accumulation and ablation processes The equilibrium line and how glaciers move What controls the rate of glacial movement Basal slip and internal deformation What speeds a glacier up or slows it down Debris entrainment, transport and the scale of glacial landforms Glacial erosion, corries, aretes and pyramidal peaks Troughs, hanging valleys, ribbon lakes and roches moutonnees Moraines: lateral, medial, recessional and terminal Drumlins, till plains and the two kinds of till Erratics and reconstructing former ice movement Meltwater pathways, and analysing fluvioglacial sediment Fluvio-glacial (meltwater) landforms The value of glaciated landscapes to people Natural hazards and human threats to glaciated landscapes Climate change and the players who manage these landscapes Management approaches, legislation and scale

Coastal Landscapes and ChangeLandscape

Topic overview The littoral zone and the influences that shape it Concordant and discordant coasts, and geological structure Coastal types and the influence of rock structure Faulting, folding and geological weaknesses Rock type, permeability and cliff profiles Psammosere succession on sand dunes Halosere succession and rates of recession Waves, beach profiles and marine erosion Wave-cut notches, platforms and cliffs Caves, arches, stacks and stumps Longshore drift and the transport of sediment Spits, bars, tombolos and other depositional landforms Sediment cells: sources, transfers and sinks Weathering on the coast Mass movement and its landforms Rapid coastal recession and variations in its rate Causes of sea level change, and emergent coastlines Submergent coastlines and contemporary sea level rise Coastal flooding as a significant and increasing risk Losses from coastal recession, and environmental refugees Hard and soft engineering on the coast Integrated coastal zone management and shoreline policies How coastal management decisions are made, and by whom Using GIS, photographs and crowd-sourced data in coastal management

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Diverse PlacesPlaces

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The Water Cycle and Water Insecurity

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The Carbon Cycle and Energy Security

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Superpowers

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Migration, Identity and SovereigntyConnections

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Glaciated Landscapes and Change

Drumlins, till plains and the two kinds of till

4 things to know
Paper 1

Overview

Drumlin shape, stoss and lee ends and formation, till plains, how lodgement and ablation till are deposited and how they differ in consolidation and clast orientation, and drumlin morphometry and orientation surveys compared statistically between locations.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Which end of a drumlin is steeper, and which direction does it face?

Process

Where is debris located before lodgement till is deposited?

Key term

What measurements are taken in a drumlin morphometry and orientation survey?

Process

What is the initial stage in drumlin formation?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Define a drumlin and describe its characteristic shape.
Model answer
A drumlin is an elongated, streamlined hill of glacial till with a steep stoss end facing up-glacier and a gentler lee slope facing down-glacier, formed beneath moving ice.
2
Which end of a drumlin is steeper, and which direction does it face?
Model answer
The steep stoss end faces up-glacier (towards the direction from which ice flowed).
3
What is the initial stage in drumlin formation?
Model answer
Till is deposited beneath the glacier.
4
How does ice flow contribute to the shape of a drumlin?
Model answer
Ice flow moulds and streamlines the deposited till into an elongated form.
5
What is a till plain?
Model answer
An extensive flat or gently undulating area of glacial till deposited beneath or at the margins of ice sheets, forming lowland landscapes.
6
Where is debris located before lodgement till is deposited?
Model answer
Debris is carried in the basal ice at the bottom of the glacier.

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