Key term
Edexcel A-Level Geography 9GE0
Tectonic Processes and Hazards
Topic overviewGlobal distribution of tectonic hazards and plate boundary processesThe structure of the Earth and mantle convectionRidge push, slab pull and sea-floor spreadingDestructive and constructive plate marginsCollision and transform marginsMagma composition and eruption styleThe Benioff zone and earthquake magnitudeSeismic waves and their effectsVolcanic hazards and tsunamisHazard, vulnerability, resilience and the risk equationThe Pressure and Release modelThe impacts of tectonic hazardsMeasuring hazards, and the hazard profileSpeed of onset, areal extent, duration and predictabilityWhy impacts differ between countriesEducation, buildings, healthcare and income as factors in vulnerabilityGovernance at local and national levelPopulation density, isolation and urbanisationHow development level shapes disaster outcomesTrends in tectonic disasters, data reliability and samplingMega-disasters and multiple-hazard zonesTheoretical frameworks for prediction, impact and managementLand-use zoning and hazard-resistant designMonitoring, prediction, preparedness and aid
Glaciated Landscapes and ChangeLandscape
Topic overviewThe cryosphere and the types of glacierGlacial chronology and the causes of climate changeEvidence for Pleistocene ice extentRelict glacial landscapes, and polar against temperate glaciersPermafrost, nivation, frost heave and solifluctionIce wedges, patterned ground, pingos and loessGlacial mass balance and the ice-albedo feedbackAccumulation and ablation processesThe equilibrium line and how glaciers moveWhat controls the rate of glacial movementBasal slip and internal deformationWhat speeds a glacier up or slows it downDebris entrainment, transport and the scale of glacial landformsGlacial erosion, corries, aretes and pyramidal peaksTroughs, hanging valleys, ribbon lakes and roches moutonneesMoraines: lateral, medial, recessional and terminalDrumlins, till plains and the two kinds of tillErratics and reconstructing former ice movementMeltwater pathways, and analysing fluvioglacial sedimentFluvio-glacial (meltwater) landformsThe value of glaciated landscapes to peopleNatural hazards and human threats to glaciated landscapesClimate change and the players who manage these landscapesManagement approaches, legislation and scale
Coastal Landscapes and ChangeLandscape
Topic overviewThe littoral zone and the influences that shape itConcordant and discordant coasts, and geological structureCoastal types and the influence of rock structureFaulting, folding and geological weaknessesRock type, permeability and cliff profilesPsammosere succession on sand dunesHalosere succession and rates of recessionWaves, beach profiles and marine erosionWave-cut notches, platforms and cliffsCaves, arches, stacks and stumpsLongshore drift and the transport of sedimentSpits, bars, tombolos and other depositional landformsSediment cells: sources, transfers and sinksWeathering on the coastMass movement and its landformsRapid coastal recession and variations in its rateCauses of sea level change, and emergent coastlinesSubmergent coastlines and contemporary sea level riseCoastal flooding as a significant and increasing riskLosses from coastal recession, and environmental refugeesHard and soft engineering on the coastIntegrated coastal zone management and shoreline policiesHow coastal management decisions are made, and by whomUsing GIS, photographs and crowd-sourced data in coastal management
Globalisation
Topic overviewWidening, deepening and the global flowsThe five global flows definedTransport, ICT and the shrinking worldPolitical and economic decision making in globalisationMeasuring globalisation: the AT Kearney and KOF indicesTNCs, glocalisation, outsourcing and switched-off placesThe global shift and who gains from itThe social and environmental costs of the global shiftDeindustrialised regions in developed countriesRural-urban migration and the growth of megacitiesGlobal hub cities and international migrationThe costs and benefits of economic migrationCultural diffusion and the spread of a global cultureCultural erosion and opposition to globalisationMeasuring development: GDP, HDI and the Gender Inequality IndexEnvironmental measures, the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curveGeographical skills: statistics, data and research ethicsWinners, losers and the widening development gapSocial, political and environmental tensions from global changeLocal sourcing and its costs and benefitsFair trade, ethical consumption and recycling
Regenerating PlacesPlaces
Topic overviewEconomic classification and variation from place to placeThe functions of a place and why they changeMeasuring place change and deprivationPast and present connections shaping economic and social characteristicsEconomic and social inequalities changing perceptions of areasLived experience, attachment and conflict over placeEvidence, representations, Spearman's rank and significance testingMeasures of dispersion: range, interquartile range and standard deviationSuccessful regions and the spiral of declinePerceptions of the need for regenerationNational planning, transport and funding decisionsNational policy: Levelling Up, house-building targets and foreign investmentLocal government incentives and inward investmentWhat attracts investment, and the multiplier effectLocal interest groups and tourism, sport and rural regenerationRebranding to change public perception of placesRebranding deindustrialised cities and rural areasEconomic, social and environmental measures of successDeprivation domains and demographic changeHow different stakeholders judge regenerationUrban stakeholders and their criteria for successUrban regeneration: reality, image and contested decisionsRural stakeholders and their criteria for successRural regeneration: reality, image and contested decisions
Diverse PlacesPlaces
Topic overviewPopulation structure variation from place to place and over timePopulation characteristics variation from place to place and over timeGlobal, national and regional influences on placeHow places are represented in film, art, music and mediaContinuity and change in demographic and cultural characterUrban places viewed differently by different groupsIdyllic and negative perceptions of rural placesHow reputation, media and lived experience shape rural viewsEvidence about living spaces, and research ethicsMedia and creative sources, coding and samplingIncreasing cultural and social diversity in the UKWhat causes segregationSegregation along the rural-urban continuum, and migrationPerceptions of segregated places, and measuring segregationLand-use change and tension between residents and newcomersMeasuring integration, and community cohesion in SloughDiverse rural communities: the Lake District
The Water Cycle and Water Insecurity
Topic overviewThe processes of the hydrological cycleThe stores of water and their relative sizeFluxes, residence time, fossil water and the cryosphereThe drainage basin as an open systemWhat influences drainage basin processesWater budgets and river regimesWhat shapes a storm hydrographReading a storm hydrographMeteorological and hydrological drought, ENSO and human causesThe impacts of drought on wetlands and forestsThe physical causes of floodingHuman causes of floodingThe environmental and economic impacts of floodingSocial impacts, case studies and synoptic chartsHow climate change alters the hydrological cycleENSO, uncertainty and future projectionsWater stress, scarcity and the physical causes of insecurityHuman causes of water insecurity and rising demandPhysical and economic water scarcityWhy economic scarcity happens, and the price of waterHow water is used: industry, energy and agricultureThe consequences of water insecurityCompeting users and trans-boundary riversThe players in water conflict, and its causesWater transfers as a hard engineering solutionMega dams and their costsDesalination, and the case against the techno-fixThe value of more sustainable schemes of restoration of water supplies and water conservationIntegrated drainage basin management and water treatiesThe players in water management and the conflicts between them
The Carbon Cycle and Energy Security
Topic overviewCarbon stores and fluxesChemical weathering, carbonate rocks and the slow carbon cycleBiological processes sequestering carbon (fast carbon cycle)Balanced carbon cycle sustaining earth systemsEnergy security and measuring energy useWhat shapes a country's energy mixContrasting energy mixes, public perception and OPECThe players in energy security, and energy pathwaysEnergy pathways and the mismatch between supply and demandUnconventional fossil fuels and their environmental costRenewables and nuclear: the costs and benefitsBiofuels, carbon capture, hydrogen and the uncertaintiesLand-use change and its effect on the carbon and water cyclesOcean acidification and coral reefsClimate belts, Amazonian drought and ecosystem servicesForest loss, the Kuznets curve and consumer attitudesHow warming changes the hydrological cycleUncertainty, ocean health and vulnerable regionsUncertainty, feedback loops and tipping pointsAdaptation and mitigation strategiesWhy players disagree, and handling climate data
Superpowers
Topic overviewWhat makes a superpower: economy, politics and militaryCultural, demographic and resource characteristicsHard power, soft power and smart powerThe Belt and Road Initiative, and power indexesPatterns of power change over timeEmerging powers and how their strengths are assessedWorld systems, dependency and modernisation theoryIGOs and how superpowers dominate themTNCs, cultural influence and WesternisationHow superpowers and emerging nations act in global decisionsAlliances, IGOs and geostrategyThe environmental cost of superpower demandThe rising middle class in emerging superpowersContested resources and intellectual propertyContested political spheres and open conflictChina's ties with the developing worldTensions in Asia and the Middle EastChallenges to existing superpowers, and future power structures
Health, Human Rights and InterventionConnections
Topic overviewConcepts of human developmentWhat causes variations in health and life expectancyHealth variations within countriesGovernments and IGOs defining development targets and policiesHuman rights in international law and agreementsDifferences between countries in definitions and protection of human rightsVariations in rights within countriesProgress towards equality, and the case studiesForms of geopolitical interventionDevelopment aid and the arguments about itEconomic development projects and military aidDevelopment focused on human rights and welfareHealth and life expectancy variation between and within countriesWelfare states, neo-liberalism and IGO programmesThe Responsibility to Protect and UN authorisationMilitary alliances, war crimes and the cost of military powerMeasuring the success of geopolitical interventionsThe mixed record of development aidWhy superpowers give aid, and the Gini coefficientMilitary interventions, both direct and indirect, have a mixed record of success
Migration, Identity and SovereigntyConnections
Topic overviewGlobalisation and the growth of migrationWhat changes migration patterns, and flow-line mapsVaried and complex causes of migrationConsequences of international migrationNation states and their varied historiesNationalism in the development of the modern worldTax havens, new state forms and alternatives to capitalismThe UN and its interventionsThe IMF, World Bank, WTO and other IGOsMigration in a globalised worldOpen borders, deregulation and migrant integrationNation states, borders and contested territoryNationalism, decolonisation and low-tax regimesIGOs managing environmental problemsNational identity as an elusive and contested conceptChallenges to national identityConsequences of disunity within nations
Regenerating Places
- 24 subtopics
- 75 things to know
- Paper 2
- Shaping Places option, one of two
What Regenerating Places covers
Covers why places change and what is done about it: how a place's economy and function shift, how deprivation is measured, why residents see the same place differently, and how regeneration is funded, delivered and judged.
Where it is assessed
Paper 2
Human Geography. Optional content is not drawn on by the synoptic paper.
Check the Pearson Edexcel specification ↗The 24 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Economic classification and variation from place to placeThe primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors, part-time, temporary and self-employed work, how health, life expectancy and education vary with economic activity between places, why pay differs by sector and type of employment and how that shows in quality of life, and mapping place data with GIS.Open →
- The functions of a place and why they changeRecall questions on administrative, commercial, retail and industrial functions, gentrification, and what drives change.Open →
- Measuring place change and deprivationRecall questions on employment, demographic and land-use data, the deprivation domains, and the Index of Multiple Deprivation.Open →
- Past and present connections shaping economic and social characteristicsGlobal, international, national and regional influences on places, the growing role of TNCs and IGOs, informal representations against formal statistics, how continuity and change in economic and social characteristics affect people, cultural erosion against cultural enrichment, past and present connections, and social media as evidence of how residents see their area.Open →
- Economic and social inequalities changing perceptions of areasSuccessful regions such as Palo Alto and Silicon Valley with high employment, in-migration and low deprivation but high property prices and skill shortages, the spiral of decline triggered by economic restructuring in regions such as the Rust Belt and its education, health, crime, service and living environment dimensions, and why perceptions of the need for regeneration vary.Open →
- Lived experience, attachment and conflict over placeRecall questions on how age, ethnicity, gender, length of residence and deprivation shape attachment, and on where conflict arises.Open →
- Evidence, representations, Spearman's rank and significance testingScatter graphs, lines of best fit and Spearman's rank correlation for judging the need for regeneration, from ranking to the formula and interpreting the coefficient, null hypotheses, significance at the 0.05 level, critical values and degrees of freedom, why correlation is not causation, and how newspapers, music, photography, film, art and literature represent a place.Open →
- Measures of dispersion: range, interquartile range and standard deviationDispersion diagrams and what a measure of dispersion shows, the range, interquartile range and standard deviation with a worked example on pebble lengths, and when standard deviation is more useful than the interquartile range.Open →
- Successful regions and the spiral of declineThe inward migration and low deprivation that mark successful regions such as Palo Alto and Silicon Valley, and the rising education deprivation, crime, reduced access to services and deteriorating living environment of the spiral of decline, with the Rust Belt as the example.Open →
- Perceptions of the need for regenerationWhy perceptions of the need for regeneration vary, election turnout and community groups as measures of engagement, how ethnicity, deprivation and length of residence shape lived experience and attachment, why inequalities and lack of representation divide views on regeneration priorities, and newspapers, art and literature as sources.Open →
- National planning, transport and funding decisionsHow national planning, transport connectivity and central funding decide which places are regenerated and create spatial inequalities, devolution to regional and local authorities, Enterprise Zones and their tax and planning incentives, housing policy schemes, and the effect of austerity on local authority capacity.Open →
- National policy: Levelling Up, house-building targets and foreign investmentNational planning designations, immigration policy, Local Enterprise Partnerships replacing Regional Development Agencies, public-private partnerships, Levelling Up from 2019 to 2024, skills policy and planning permission, retail-led regeneration and its risks, house-building targets and the conflict they cause, and the deregulation of capital markets and foreign investment in London property.Open →
- Local government incentives and inward investmentLocal government investment in infrastructure, business rate relief and inward investment, Local Enterprise Partnerships, enterprise zone incentives such as simplified planning, business rate discounts and enhanced capital allowances, planning decisions, land designation, development permissions and conditions, and inward investment from TNCs and national regeneration funds.Open →
- What attracts investment, and the multiplier effectWhat attracts private developers and inward investment, including infrastructure, workforce skills, accessibility and competitive incentive packages, the race to the bottom between local authorities, how investment triggers multiplier effects through supply chains and local spending, and job creation, housing, environmental improvement and community facilities as regeneration priorities.Open →
- Local interest groups and tourism, sport and rural regenerationChambers of Commerce, preservation societies and trade unions in regeneration decisions, London 2012 and sport-led regeneration and its legacy, tourism-led regeneration in Margate, and rural diversification through partnerships such as the Powys Regeneration Partnership.Open →
- Rebranding to change public perception of placesWhat rebranding is and how it differs from regeneration, the residents, investors, businesses and visitors it targets, visual identity, marketing campaigns and positive narratives, why the promoted image must match lived experience, when rebranding is contested, informal representations that contrast with it, and how its success is measured.Open →
- Rebranding deindustrialised cities and rural areasRebranding as a way to change public perception of places through the media, deindustrialised cities building on industrial heritage with Glasgow's 'Scotland with Style' as an example, rural rebranding through literary heritage in Brontë country around Haworth, farm diversification and outdoor pursuits at Kielder Forest, and discursive and creative sources for studying it.Open →
- Economic, social and environmental measures of successEconomic measures of regeneration success such as employment, earnings, business growth and poverty, absolute against relative change and spatial comparison, social measures including health, education, crime, deprivation, inequalities, demographic change and life expectancy, and environmental measures such as air quality, green space and reduced derelict land.Open →
- Deprivation domains and demographic changeThe income, employment, health, crime and living environment domains of multiple deprivation indices, age structure, ethnic composition and population change as demographic indicators, the reuse of derelict land, sectoral shifts, full-time and permanent employment, and quality of life indices as measures of regeneration.Open →
- How different stakeholders judge regenerationWhy stakeholders judge the same regeneration differently, how age, ethnicity, gender, length of residence and deprivation shape lived experience of it, election turnout, community groups and attachment as social measures, formal against informal representations, property prices and in-migration, and photographs, maps, blogs and social media as evidence.Open →
- Urban stakeholders and their criteria for successWhy urban stakeholders judge regeneration by different criteria, with Salford Quays as the example urban case study, NIMBYism in contested decisions, economic, demographic and environmental variables, why future success depends on past decisions, and the criteria of local and national government, businesses and residents, shaped by what the place means to them.Open →
- Urban regeneration: reality, image and contested decisionsThe criteria local and national government, businesses and residents use to judge urban regeneration, how lived experience and the meaning of a place shape them, impacts on the reality against the image of a place, Salford Quays as the example, NIMBYism, economic, social, demographic and environmental variables, and why decisions are contested and reported differently.Open →
- Rural stakeholders and their criteria for successWhy rural stakeholders disagree about regeneration success, with the North Antrim coast as the example rural case study, economic, social, demographic and environmental variables, the criteria of local government, businesses and residents, the reality against the image of a place, how residents and tourists judge it differently, and blogs and social media as evidence.Open →
- Rural regeneration: reality, image and contested decisionsRural regeneration strategies and why decisions over them are contested, with the North Antrim coast as the example, economic, social, demographic and environmental variables, why past decisions matter, the criteria of local and national government, businesses and residents, and how the reality and image of a rural place can change separately and be judged differently.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Why is social media worth reading when studying how residents feel about their own area?
Process
What is the primary sector of economic activity?
Numbers
How does part-time employment differ from full-time employment as a classification of economic activity?
Key term
How can accessibility and connectedness explain changes in a place?
Process
What type of information can oral histories reveal about a place that statistics cannot?
Key term
In what ways do national influences affect the economic and social characteristics of places?
Process
How does crime feature as a dimension of social deprivation in deindustrialised areas?
Evaluation
What is one quantitative measure that can be used to assess levels of community engagement in a local area?
Evaluation
Explain how different representations of a place can influence whether people perceive regeneration as necessary.
Key term
How does support for local community groups reflect community engagement?
Evaluation
What would occur if central government consistently prioritised regeneration funding for one region over another?
Key term
How have austerity measures affected local authority capacity to lead regeneration?
Key term
What bodies replaced Regional Development Agencies in coordinating regeneration at sub-national level?
Evaluation
Define the Levelling Up policy as a UK government regeneration approach.
Evaluation
What were Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)?
Evaluation
Why might competition between local authorities for inward investment be problematic?
Key term
Why might environmental improvement be prioritised in a regeneration strategy?
Evaluation
If a rebranding campaign promotes a city as vibrant and prosperous but residents experience high unemployment, what problem arises?
Evaluation
How might changes in GCSE results or university progression rates indicate social regeneration success?
Evaluation
How can gender affect lived experience of regeneration?
Key term
What negative consequence might rising property prices reveal about regeneration?
Key term
What demographic changes can be measured to assess how a place has changed?
Key term
What characterises employment levels in successful regions such as Palo Alto and Silicon Valley?
Evaluation
What statistical test can be used to measure the strength of relationships between variables when evaluating the need for regeneration?
Key term
After ranking paired data, what must be calculated next in Spearman's rank correlation?
Key term
What type of migration characterises successful regions?
Key term
Name a region that exemplifies success through high employment, inward migration, and low deprivation.
Key term
How can election turnout be used to measure community engagement?
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How can local government directly invest in infrastructure to support regeneration?
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What is rebranding in the context of place regeneration?
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What economic indicator measures the expansion of commercial activity in a regenerated area?
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What does the income deprivation domain of a multiple deprivation index measure?
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What aspect of wellbeing does the health deprivation domain of a multiple deprivation index assess?
Key term
What is the secondary sector of economic activity?
Key term
Define the commercial function of a place.
Key term
Why are levels of deprivation useful for measuring change in places?
Key term
How do global influences shape the economic and social characteristics of places?
Key term
What type of internal population movement is characteristic of successful regions like Silicon Valley?
Key term
Besides election turnout, what other indicator can be used to measure community engagement levels?
Key term
What does a Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of +1 indicate?
Process
Eight pebble lengths (mm) are 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7 and 9. What are the range and the interquartile range?
Process
Eight pebble lengths (mm) are 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7 and 9. What is the standard deviation?
Process
When is standard deviation more useful than the interquartile range?
Key term
How does crime relate to the spiral of decline?
Key term
Do all local communities share the same attitudes towards engagement and regeneration?
Key term
What three priorities does national planning policy typically set to shape regeneration in targeted regions?
Key term
What three types of area designation can national planning use to guide regeneration?
Key term
How do simplified planning regulations function as an enterprise zone incentive?
Key term
What attracts private developers to invest in regenerating areas?
Process
What role do local preservation societies play in regeneration decisions?
Process
What role do trade unions play in regeneration decisions?
Key term
What is rural diversification?
Key term
How does rebranding differ from regeneration (place making)?
Key term
What social measure would show whether regeneration has made an area safer?
Key term
Why is crime included as a domain in multiple deprivation indices?
Key term
How might age affect a person's lived experience of regeneration?
Evaluation
What is 'Brontë country' an example of in terms of rural rebranding?
Evaluation
Name a rural area that can be used as a case study for examining rural restructuring strategies and contested decisions within local communities.
Evaluation
What environmental variables can be used to evaluate rural regeneration strategies?
Evaluation
How might a long-term resident's lived experience influence their criteria for judging regeneration success?
Evaluation
What social variables might be used to assess the outcomes of urban regeneration strategies?
Evaluation
What does it mean to say that decisions about rural restructuring strategies are 'contested' within local communities?
Evaluation
Give three social variables that can be used to assess changes resulting from rural regeneration strategies.
Key term
Define rebranding in the context of place management.
Key term
What income-related measures can be used to assess the success of economic regeneration?
Key term
What employment measures indicate successful economic regeneration?
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Why do different urban stakeholders have different criteria for judging regeneration success?
Key term
What economic variables can be used to judge changes from regeneration strategies in urban areas?
Process
What role does media play in the rebranding process?
Key term
Why might economic regeneration measures show improvement in absolute terms but not in relative terms?
Key term
What demographic variables help judge the success of urban regeneration strategies?
Key term
Why do stakeholder views on regeneration success depend on changes to both the reality and image of a place?
Key term
What criteria might local government use to assess the success of urban regeneration?
Key term
Name a case study that can be used to examine rural regeneration strategies and the specific approaches used to restructure an area.
Take Regenerating Places further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Regeneration vs Rebranding
Regeneration: long-term improvement of economic, social and environmental conditions. Rebranding: deliberate alteration of external perceptions of a place.
Endogenous factor vs Exogenous factor
Endogenous factor: characteristic originating within a place. Exogenous factor: external influence shaping a place.
Gentrification vs Re-urbanisation
Gentrification: inward investment and affluent migration changing a neighbourhood. Re-urbanisation: population movement back into previously declining urban areas.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is the primary sector of economic activity?
Model answer
The primary sector involves the extraction of raw materials directly from the earth or environment, such as agriculture, fishing, forestry and mining.
- 2
What is the secondary sector of economic activity?
Model answer
The secondary sector involves manufacturing and processing raw materials into finished or semi-finished products, such as factories producing goods.
- 3
What is the tertiary sector of economic activity?
Model answer
The tertiary sector involves the provision of services to consumers and businesses, such as retail, healthcare, education and transport.
- 4
What is the quaternary sector of economic activity?
Model answer
The quaternary sector involves knowledge-based activities including research and development, information technology, consultancy and financial services.
- 5
How does part-time employment differ from full-time employment as a classification of economic activity?
Model answer
Part-time employment involves working fewer hours per week than a standard full-time contract (in UK statistics, typically 30 hours or fewer), while full-time employment involves working a complete standard working week.
- 6
How does temporary employment differ from permanent employment as a classification of economic activity?
Model answer
Temporary employment involves contracts with a fixed end date or for a specific project duration, while permanent employment involves open-ended contracts with no predetermined end date.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Regenerating Places revision questions
- What does Regenerating Places cover in Edexcel A-Level Geography?
- 24 subtopics: economic classification and variation from place to place, the functions of a place and why they change, measuring place change and deprivation, past and present connections shaping economic and social characteristics, economic and social inequalities changing perceptions of areas, lived experience, attachment and conflict over place, evidence, representations, spearman's rank and significance testing, measures of dispersion: range, interquartile range and standard deviation, successful regions and the spiral of decline, perceptions of the need for regeneration, national planning, transport and funding decisions, national policy: levelling up, house-building targets and foreign investment, local government incentives and inward investment, what attracts investment, and the multiplier effect, local interest groups and tourism, sport and rural regeneration, rebranding to change public perception of places, rebranding deindustrialised cities and rural areas, economic, social and environmental measures of success, deprivation domains and demographic change, how different stakeholders judge regeneration, urban stakeholders and their criteria for success, urban regeneration: reality, image and contested decisions, rural stakeholders and their criteria for success and rural regeneration: reality, image and contested decisions. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Regenerating Places organised?
- By the Edexcel 9GE0 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Regenerating Places, on a schedule.
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