Key term
AQA AS-Level History 7042
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204
Topic overviewThe Church, the Seljuk Turks and Byzantium before the CrusadesManzikert and the Call of the First CrusadeThe First Crusade: Motives and CampaignThe Kings of Jerusalem and the Early Crusader StatesThe Knights Templar and the HospitallersThe Crusader States, Byzantium and the Latin WestZengi and the Fall of EdessaThe Second Crusade
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598
Topic overviewThe Kingdoms of Iberia in 1469Ferdinand, Isabella and the NobilityForeign Policy, Society and the Church under Ferdinand and IsabellaThe Inquisition, the Jews and the Fall of GranadaThe Alpujarras Revolt, the Economy and Overseas ExpansionThe Casa de Contratacion, Navarre and Spain by 1516The Inheritance of Charles VImperial Ideology and Conciliar GovernmentCharles V's Wars, Absences and Religious PolicyThe Conquest of the Americas and the Price RevolutionCharles V's Abdication and Spain by 1556
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603
Topic overviewHenry VII's Claim to the ThroneHenry VII's Councils and GovernmentHenry VII's Finances, the Nobility and Foreign PolicyPretenders and Rebellions under Henry VIISociety and the Economy under Henry VIIReligion, Humanism and the Arts under Henry VIIHenry VIII: Character and AimsWolsey, Cromwell and the Break with RomeThe Dissolution, Foreign Policy and Henry VIII's WivesThe Ranks of Tudor SocietyThe Pilgrimage of Grace, Wales and the Henrician EconomyHumanism and Religious Change under Henry VIII
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Topic overviewThe Political Nation, Divine Right and James ICourt, Crown Finance and Religious Division, 1603-1629Disputes between Crown and ParliamentArminianism, Puritanism and the Revenues of the Personal RuleThe Personal Rule, the Long Parliament and the Road to WarThe First Civil WarThe Second Civil War and the LevellersThe Army, Parliament and the Regicide
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796
Topic overviewRussian Society and Government in 1682The Succession Crisis of 1682 and the StreltsyPeter's Western Interests, the Great Embassy and St PetersburgPeter I's Early Economic, Political and Military ReformsOpposition to Peter's Reforms and the Streltsy RevoltThe Azov Campaigns and the Battle of NarvaThe Poll Tax and State MonopoliesThe Holy Synod, the Senate and Church ReformThe Colleges, Provincial Government and the Table of RanksWesternisation, Opposition and Peter's Legacy by 1725The Great Northern War and Peter's Foreign PolicyThe Service State under Peter the Great
1F Industrialisation and the People: Britain, c1783–1885
Topic overviewThe British Political System in 1783Pitt the Younger and His MinistriesPitt's Financial and Trade ReformsEarly Industrialisation: Textiles, Iron and SteamEnclosure and Agricultural ChangeSocial Classes, Working Conditions and the Old Poor LawThe French Revolution and British RadicalismThe Irish Rebellion of 1798 and the Act of UnionThe Wars with France and the Home FrontLuddism and Britain by 1812Lord Liverpool, the Corn Laws and PeterlooCanning, Wellington and Catholic EmancipationTextiles, Iron, Coal and the Common LandsUrbanisation and Working-Class DiscontentRadicals, Abolitionists and the Rise of MethodismThe Great Reform Act of 1832
1G Challenge and Transformation: Britain, c1851–1964
Topic overviewParliament and the Franchise before 1867The Second Reform Act, Gladstone and DisraeliThe Workshop of the World, Free Trade and Agricultural DepressionClass and Region in Victorian BritainThe Domestic Reforms of Gladstone and DisraeliIreland, the Great Famine and the Land QuestionGladstone's Home Rule Bill and Its OpponentsConservative Dominance before 1905Socialism and the Birth of the Labour PartyNew Liberalism, the People's Budget and the Parliament ActThe Great Depression, Industrial Decline and Tariff ReformNew Unionism, the Great Unrest and Women's SuffrageLiving Standards, Poverty and the Liberal Welfare ReformsThe Home Rule Movement and the Irish Party
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Topic overviewAutocracy and Serfdom in 1855The Emancipation of the Serfs and Alexander II's ReformsReform, Reaction and the Death of Alexander IIPobedonostsev and RussificationLiberals, Populists and the Tsarist PoliceEconomy and Society after EmancipationNicholas II, Bloody Sunday and the Fundamental LawsThe Dumas, Stolypin and Witte's IndustrialisationWorkers, Peasants and the Grain TradeLiberals, Socialist Revolutionaries and MarxistsThe First World War and the February RevolutionLenin's Return and the October RevolutionLenin's Ideology, War Communism and KronstadtStalin's Rise and the Power Struggle
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967
Topic overviewThe Suez Canal and the Occupation of EgyptThe Indian Mutiny and the Government of India ActThe Scramble for Africa and the Chartered CompaniesMissionaries, the Civilising Mission and Party Attitudes to EmpireThe Boers, the Zulu War and Southern AfricaExpansion in Africa and the Government of IndiaLord Cromer and the Veiled Protectorate in EgyptIndirect Rule and the Entente CordialeChamberlain, Tariff Reform and Cecil RhodesThe Justifications for Empire and National EfficiencyExhibitions, Youth Movements and Popular ImperialismThe Boer War and the Union of South Africa
1K The Making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975
Topic overviewJohnson, Grant and Radical ReconstructionThe Redeemers and the Gilded Age PresidentsThe Post-Reconstruction South and Jim CrowThe Railroad Boom and Big Business in the Gilded AgeThe Closing of the Frontier and Gilded Age Foreign PolicyThe Populist Movement and the People's PartyProgressivism and Roosevelt's Square DealWilson's New Freedom and America's Economic RiseImmigration, Urban Growth and SegregationAmerican Imperialism and the War of 1898Neutrality and Entry into the First World WarAmerican Society and Industrial Power by 1920
1L The Quest for Political Stability: Germany, 1871–1991
Topic overviewThe States of the German Empire in 1871The Constitution of 1871: Bundesrat and ReichstagBismarck's Domestic PoliciesWilhelm II and WeltpolitikGerman Industrial Power before 1914The Burgertum and the Prestige of the EliteWorkers, Pressure Groups and Germany by 1914War, Revolution and the Weimar Constitution, 1914-1919Reparations, Putsches and the Crisis of 1923Stresemann, the Dawes Plan and Locarno
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Topic overviewPapal Supremacy and the Church HierarchySalvation and the Seven SacramentsCorruption, Humanism and Demands for Reform before 1517The Holy Roman Empire and Its ElectorsThe Imperial Diet, the Young Luther and the 95 ThesesThe Disputations, Luther's Theology and the 1520 TreatisesLuther in Print, Excommunication and the Diet of WormsKarlstadt, the Zwickau Prophets and Luther's ReturnZwingli, the Eucharist and the Knights' RevoltThe German Peasants' WarThe Swiss Reformation, the Kappel Wars and MarburgThe Diets of Speyer, the Augsburg Confession and Melanchthon
2D Religious Conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570
Topic overviewThe English Church and Its Wealth in 1529Humanism and the Call for Church ReformHenry VIII's Great MatterThe Reformation Parliament and the Break with RomeReformist and Conservative Factions at CourtFaction, Diplomacy and the DissolutionThe Reasons for and Effects of the DissolutionThe Pilgrimage of GraceThe Ten Articles, the Six Articles and the King's BookReligion and War in Henry VIII's Last Years
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660
Topic overviewJames I's Legacy and Charles I's KingshipCharles I, Buckingham and the Petition of RightThe Personal Rule and Its MinistersLaud's Reforms and Protestant FearsThe Scottish Prayer Book and Thorough in IrelandPuritan Emigration, the National Covenant and the First Bishops' WarThe Bishops' Wars and the Recall of ParliamentCharles I and the Parliamentary Opposition in 1640John Pym and the Long ParliamentDeadlock, the Fall of Strafford and the Irish RebellionThe Attempt on the Five MembersThe Militia Ordinance and the Drift to WarThe Nineteen Propositions and the Outbreak of War
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715
Topic overviewRichelieu and the Regency of Anne of AustriaMazarin, the Parlement and the FrondesWestphalia and the Treaty of the PyreneesThe Start of Personal Rule and France in 1661Louis XIV's Conception of KingshipThe Royal Council, the Intendants and VersaillesColbert, Mercantilism and the Royal AcademiesThe Huguenots and the Edict of FontainebleauGloire, Foreign Policy Aims and Louvois's ArmyThe Decline of Spain and Louis XIV's Wars to 1684
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801
Topic overviewMercantilism, Salutary Neglect and the Colonies in 1760The Thirteen Colonies and the Impact of the Seven Years WarFrom the Proclamation of 1763 to the Boston Tea PartyThe Intolerable Acts of 1774The First Continental CongressCommon Sense and the Organisation of ResistanceGeneral Gage and the Road to LexingtonThe Declaration of Independence
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815
Topic overviewLouis XVI and French AbsolutismThe Three Estates and Seigneurial RightsTaxation and the Weaknesses of the Ancien RegimeThe Philosophes and the EnlightenmentThe Financial Crisis of the Ancien RegimeCalonne and the Assembly of NotablesThe Crisis of 1788 and the Estates-GeneralThe Cahiers and the Opening of the Estates-GeneralThe National Assembly and the Fall of the BastilleThe Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the Constitution of 1791The Political Clubs, Varennes and the Fall of the MonarchyThe Founding of the RepublicThe Execution of Louis XVI, the Vendee and the Federalist RevoltThe Levee en Masse and the Coming of the TerrorThe Fall of the Factions and the Great TerrorThermidor and the Dismantling of the TerrorVendemiaire and the Directory
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877
Topic overviewFederalism and States' RightsThe Northern Economy by 1845Cotton, Plantations and the Southern EconomyThe Missouri Compromise and the Nullification CrisisManifest Destiny and the Compromise of 1850The Fugitive Slave Law, Abolitionism and Pro-Slavery ArgumentsThe Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding KansasThe Formation of the Republican PartyDred Scott, the Lincoln-Douglas Debates and Harper's FerryThe Election of 1860, Secession and Fort Sumter
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941
Topic overviewHow Britain and France Made Foreign PolicyThe Economic and Military Strength of the Great PowersThe Scramble for Africa and Great Power RivalryBalkan Nationalism and Austria-HungaryThe Naval Race, the Arms Race and War PlansThe Moroccan CrisesThe Entente Cordiale and the Triple EntenteThe Decline of the Ottoman EmpireThe Bosnian Crisis of 1908The Balkan WarsSarajevo and the Austrian UltimatumMobilisation and the Schlieffen PlanThe July CrisisItaly, the USA and the Widening War
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945
Topic overviewA Young Kingdom: North, South and the RisorgimentoThe Italian Monarchy and the Narrow FranchiseGiolitti and the Gentiloni PactIndustrial Growth, Socialism and Labour UnrestNationalism, Futurism and the Triple AllianceIntervention in 1915 and Italy's War AimsThe Isonzo Front and CaporettoThe Home Front and the Peace SettlementFiume and the Mutilated VictoryPost-War Crisis and Political InstabilityThe Biennio Rosso and the Fascist ResponseThe March on Rome and Mussolini's AppointmentWhy the Elites Accepted MussoliniFascist Ideology, the Ras and the Cult of the DuceThe Grand Council, the Acerbo Law and the Matteotti CrisisBuilding the Dictatorship, 1925-1926Corfu, Fiume and the Consolidation of Power
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957
Topic overviewThe Liberal Landslide of 1906 and New LiberalismThe Lib-Lab Pact, Tariff Reform and the Edwardian EconomyEdwardian Class, Poverty and the People's BudgetThe Liberal Welfare ReformsThe Parliament Act, Women's Suffrage and Home RuleThe Labour Unrest of 1910 to 1914The Wartime Coalitions and the Liberal SplitThe War Economy, DORA and Post-War IndustryWomen's War Work, the Vote and ConscriptionThe War Poets, the Easter Rising and Irish IndependenceLiberal Decline, the First Labour Government and BaldwinThe Return to Gold, the Coal Crisis and the General StrikeThe Divided Regions, Women and Culture in the 1920sThe Flapper Vote and the 1929 Election
2N Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953
Topic overviewTsarism and the Strain of War by 1917The February RevolutionThe Provisional Government and the April ThesesThe October RevolutionThe First Decrees, the Constituent Assembly and the Leaders of 1917The Cheka and the Rise of One-Party RuleBrest-Litovsk and the Causes of the Civil WarTrotsky and the Building of the Red ArmyWhy the Reds Won the Civil WarBolshevik Social Reform, War Communism and the Red TerrorTambov and KronstadtThe New Economic PolicyForeign Intervention, the Comintern and Soviet DiplomacyLenin's Death, His Testament and the Contenders for PowerPermanent Revolution and Socialism in One CountryThe Defeat of the Oppositions and the Great TurnThe Stalin Cult and Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1920s
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945
Topic overviewThe Collapse of 1918 and the Kiel MutinyThe Weimar Constitution and the Terms of VersaillesThe Military Terms of Versailles and German ReactionsThe Ruhr Occupation and the Hyperinflation of 1923The Spartacist Uprising and the FreikorpsThe Ruhr Crisis, the Courts and the Munich PutschThe Munich Putsch and Weimar's CoalitionsStresemann and the Dawes PlanWeimar Culture: Bauhaus, Art and TheatreHindenburg's Election and the Golden YearsStresemann's Foreign Policy and LocarnoThe Wall Street Crash and the German BanksBruning's Deflation and the Nazi Electoral BreakthroughNazi Propaganda, the SA and Nazi AppealThe Divided Left, Hindenburg and PapenThe Prussian Coup and Hitler's Refusal of OfficeThe Reichstag Fire, the Enabling Act and the End of DemocracyGleichschaltung and the One-Party StateThe Night of the Long Knives
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997
Topic overviewJapanese Encroachment and the GuomindangThe Encirclement Campaigns, the Long March and Mao's IdeologyYan'an, the Xi'an Incident and the Second United FrontThe Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945The Race for Territory and the Marshall MissionThe Nationalist Position in 1946The Civil War and the Nationalist CollapseChina in 1949 and the Founding of the RepublicThe Mass Campaigns and the Grip on PowerThe Soviet Alliance and the Korean WarThe Hundred Flowers and the First Five Year PlanThe Great Leap Forward and the People's CommunesRectification, the Marriage Law and Social Change
2Q The American Dream: Reality and Illusion, 1945–1980
Topic overviewAmerican Power and Politics in 1945Truman and the Fair DealContainment, NATO and the Korean WarTaft-Hartley, the 1948 Election and McCarthyismCivil Rights in the Truman YearsEisenhower and Modern RepublicanismThe Fall of McCarthy and the Fifties EconomySuburbia, the Highways and the New LookHungary, Rollback and the Berlin CrisisEisenhower, South Vietnam and SEATOBrown, Montgomery and Little RockThe Election of 1960The New Frontier and the Berlin WallCivil Rights under Kennedy and America by 1963
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991
Topic overviewYalta, Potsdam and the Wartime AllianceThe Sovietisation of Eastern EuropeThe Marshall Plan and American Aid to EuropeThe Division of Germany, the Berlin Blockade and NATOJapan, China and NSC-68Korea in 1950 and the UN ResponseMcCarthyism and the Isolation of ChinaNATO, the Warsaw Pact and the First Indochina WarKhrushchev and the Crises of 1956 in Poland and HungaryThe Hungarian Uprising, Peaceful Coexistence and the Paris SummitThe U-2 Affair, the Missile Race and the Space RaceThe Berlin Crisis and the Berlin WallThe Division of Vietnam and the NLFCuba, the Bay of Pigs and the Missile Crisis
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007
Topic overviewThe Conservative Prime Ministers, 1951 to 1964The Long Boom and Stop-GoWomen, Youth, Immigration and the Notting Hill RiotsForeign Policy, Suez and Decolonisation, 1951-1964Harold Wilson and the National PlanDevaluation and Labour's Economic Policy, 1965-1969In Place of Strife, Education and Northern IrelandThe Abolition of Hanging and Divorce ReformThe Media, the Permissive Society and Race in the 1960sVietnam, the EEC Veto and the Atlantic AllianceHeath, the 1970 Election and Selsdon ParkThe Industrial Relations Act and the 1972 StrikeThe Oil Crisis and the Second Miners' StrikeNorthern Ireland from Bloody Sunday to SunningdaleThe Social Contract, the IMF Crisis and the Winter of DiscontentFeminism, Equality Legislation and Immigration in the 1970sPunk and the New Politics of the 1970sBritain's Entry into the EEC and the 1975 ReferendumThe Special Relationship and Detente in the 1970s
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000
Topic overviewStalin's Death and the System He LeftKhrushchev's Rise and the Anti-Party GroupThe Secret Speech and De-StalinisationThe Sovnarkhozy, Housing and the ThawThe Virgin Lands Scheme and Agricultural FailureThe Thaw, China and Khrushchev's Foreign PolicyThe Fall of KhrushchevBrezhnev and His Leading ColleaguesThe Kosygin Reforms and Economic StagnationDetente, Afghanistan and the Second Cold WarDissidents and Nationalist Unrest under BrezhnevAndropov, Chernenko and the Rise of GorbachevGorbachev's Aims and PerestroikaGlasnost, Afghanistan and the End of the Cold WarChernobyl, Economic Restructuring and DemocratisationThe Opposition to GorbachevThe August Coup and the End of the USSRYeltsin and Shock TherapyPutin's Rise and the Second Chechen War
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204
- 8 subtopics
- 61 things to know
- Component 1
What 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 covers
Option 1A is a breadth study of the Crusades, taken as one of the Component 1 choices. It follows the movement from the appeal that launched the First Crusade through the founding of the crusader states to their collapse under Saladin and the sack of Constantinople in 1204.
Where it is assessed
Component 1
A breadth study, of which a student sits one.
Check the AQA specification ↗The 8 subtopics
Each one has its own page. AQA AS History students sit this topic in the first year.
- The Church, the Seljuk Turks and Byzantium before the CrusadesRecall questions on the spiritual authority of the western Church and Gregory VII's reforms, the rise of the Seljuk Turks after Baghdad in 1055, and the internal weakness of Byzantium around 1071.Open →
- Manzikert and the Call of the First CrusadeRecall questions on the Byzantine defeat at Manzikert in 1071 and the crisis that followed, Alexios I's appeal to the Pope, and Urban II's motives and the spiritual reward he offered at Clermont.Open →
- The First Crusade: Motives and CampaignRecall questions on why Frankish knights and younger sons took the cross, the People's Crusade, the campaign from Nicaea and Dorylaeum through Antioch to Jerusalem, and the crusade's impact on Byzantium, the papacy and the Muslim Near East.Open →
- The Kings of Jerusalem and the Early Crusader StatesRecall questions on Baldwin I, Baldwin II and Queen Melisende, the founding of Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Italian merchant republics and eastern trade, and the protection of pilgrims.Open →
- The Knights Templar and the HospitallersRecall questions on the founding of the military orders, their papal recognition and their role in defending Outremer.Open →
- The Crusader States, Byzantium and the Latin WestRecall questions on relations with the Byzantine emperors and the settlers, reinforcements and money that arrived from Europe.Open →
- Zengi and the Fall of EdessaRecall questions on the fragmented Muslim response to the crusades, Zengi's rise and the loss of the first crusader state.Open →
- The Second CrusadeRecall questions on Eugenius III's bull and Bernard of Clairvaux's preaching, the kings who led the expedition, the failed siege of Damascus in 1148 and the damage done to Byzantine relations and to Outremer.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
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Who were the Seljuk Turks?
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What internal problems weakened the Byzantine Empire around 1071?
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What were the consequences of the Byzantine defeat at Manzikert for Anatolia?
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When and where did Pope Urban II call the First Crusade?
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What were Urban II's religious motives for launching the Crusade?
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How did the desire for land and wealth motivate Frankish knights to join the Crusade?
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What was the significance of the Battle of Dorylaeum in July 1097?
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What was the impact of the First Crusade on the Muslim Near East?
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Who was the first King of Jerusalem, and during which years did he rule?
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Which crusader state was located furthest east and was the first to be established?
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When was the County of Tripoli founded, and by whom?
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When were the Knights Templar founded, and by whom?
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When were the Hospitallers militarised?
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What financial services did the Templars develop as part of their economic role?
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Why were relations between the crusader states and Byzantium complicated?
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How did the crusader states receive reinforcements, settlers and financial support from the Latin West?
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Which Eastern Christian communities lived under crusader rule in Outremer?
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Why was the initial Muslim response to the crusades fragmented?
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Which crusader state did Zengi capture in 1144?
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What religious concept was revived under Zengi to legitimise campaigns against the Franks?
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Who was the principal preacher of the Second Crusade?
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Where was the decision made to attack Damascus in July 1148?
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What theological questions did the failure of the Second Crusade raise?
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What was the political condition of Islamic power in the Near East by 1149?
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In what year did Nureddin capture Damascus, and why was this significant?
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Who was Shirkuh and what was his role in the Egyptian campaigns?
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What does the term 'Outremer' refer to?
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Which Crusader state fell in 1144 and was not recovered after the Second Crusade?
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What role did mercenaries play in Outremer's military forces?
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Why did the Crusader states develop an extensive network of castles?
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How were relations between Outremer and the Latin West characterised during this period?
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What role did mutual suspicion play in Byzantine-Crusader relations?
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What internal divisions existed within Outremer regarding policy toward Muslims?
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When did Baldwin IV become King of Jerusalem, and what illness afflicted him?
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Who led the baronial faction opposing Guy of Lusignan, and what policy did he advocate?
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How did Reynald of Châtillon's actions contribute to Saladin's 1187 campaign?
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How did Saladin use marriage alliances in his political strategy?
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What was Reynald of Châtillon's fate after the Battle of Hattin?
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What event prompted Pope Gregory VIII to call the Third Crusade in 1187?
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What personal sin motivated Henry II to take the cross for the Third Crusade?
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Which ruler led the largest contingent of the Third Crusade?
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What rivalry between two kings created tension during the Third Crusade?
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Besides leadership disputes, what other source of internal conflict affected the Third Crusade?
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What tactics did Richard I employ to defeat Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf?
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What territorial arrangement did the Treaty of Jaffa establish for the crusaders?
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Did the Third Crusade succeed in recapturing Jerusalem?
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When did Saladin die?
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Which pope called the Fourth Crusade, and in what year?
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Who usurped the Byzantine throne in 1195, and how did he treat his predecessor?
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Why could the crusaders not pay the full contracted sum to Venice when they assembled in 1202?
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Were the promises made by Alexios IV to the crusaders fulfilled?
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Who seized power in Constantinople after the coup of early 1204, and what was his policy towards the crusaders?
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Did the Fourth Crusade ever reach Egypt or the Holy Land?
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What new state was established following the sack of Constantinople in 1204?
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Who controlled Jerusalem by 1204?
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Who ruled Constantinople after 1204?
Process
Who was Saladin, and how did Reynald of Châtillon provoke his campaign of 1187?
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Why did Frankish knights join the First Crusade?
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Who was the first King of Jerusalem, and how did he expand the crusader presence?
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Who preached the Second Crusade, and which monarchs led it?
Take 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Crusader state vs Crusade
Crusader state: Latin polity established in conquered territory. Crusade: armed pilgrimage authorised for a religious objective.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What gave the Church in western Europe its supreme spiritual authority around 1071?
Model answer
The Church controlled access to salvation through the sacraments and the power of excommunication.
- 2
Why was papal influence rising in the late 11th century?
Model answer
The Gregorian Reform movement sought to free the Church from secular control, strengthening the Papacy's position.
- 3
How did the Investiture Controversy affect papal authority?
Model answer
It strengthened papal claims to supreme authority in Christendom by asserting the Pope's rights against secular rulers.
- 4
What did Pope Gregory VII's reforms assert about the Pope's position?
Model answer
They asserted papal supremacy over secular rulers and established the Pope as the head of a unified Christian society.
- 5
Who were the Seljuk Turks?
Model answer
A nomadic Turkic people who converted to Sunni Islam and rapidly expanded across the Middle East in the 11th century.
- 6
What happened in Baghdad in 1055 and what was its significance?
Model answer
The Seljuk Turks conquered Baghdad and established control over the Abbasid Caliphate, becoming the dominant Muslim power.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 revision questions
- Is 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 examined at AS in AQA History?
- Yes. It sits in Component 1, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
- What does 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 cover in AQA AS-Level History?
- 8 subtopics: the church, the seljuk turks and byzantium before the crusades, manzikert and the call of the first crusade, the first crusade: motives and campaign, the kings of jerusalem and the early crusader states, the knights templar and the hospitallers, the crusader states, byzantium and the latin west, zengi and the fall of edessa and the second crusade. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 organised?
- By the AQA 7042 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in 1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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