Key term
AQA AS-Level History 7042
1A The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204
Topic overviewThe Church, the Seljuk Turks and Byzantium before the CrusadesManzikert and the Call of the First CrusadeThe First Crusade: Motives and CampaignThe Kings of Jerusalem and the Early Crusader StatesThe Knights Templar and the HospitallersThe Crusader States, Byzantium and the Latin WestZengi and the Fall of EdessaThe Second Crusade
1B Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598
Topic overviewThe Kingdoms of Iberia in 1469Ferdinand, Isabella and the NobilityForeign Policy, Society and the Church under Ferdinand and IsabellaThe Inquisition, the Jews and the Fall of GranadaThe Alpujarras Revolt, the Economy and Overseas ExpansionThe Casa de Contratacion, Navarre and Spain by 1516The Inheritance of Charles VImperial Ideology and Conciliar GovernmentCharles V's Wars, Absences and Religious PolicyThe Conquest of the Americas and the Price RevolutionCharles V's Abdication and Spain by 1556
1C The Tudors: England, 1485–1603
Topic overviewHenry VII's Claim to the ThroneHenry VII's Councils and GovernmentHenry VII's Finances, the Nobility and Foreign PolicyPretenders and Rebellions under Henry VIISociety and the Economy under Henry VIIReligion, Humanism and the Arts under Henry VIIHenry VIII: Character and AimsWolsey, Cromwell and the Break with RomeThe Dissolution, Foreign Policy and Henry VIII's WivesThe Ranks of Tudor SocietyThe Pilgrimage of Grace, Wales and the Henrician EconomyHumanism and Religious Change under Henry VIII
1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Topic overviewThe Political Nation, Divine Right and James ICourt, Crown Finance and Religious Division, 1603-1629Disputes between Crown and ParliamentArminianism, Puritanism and the Revenues of the Personal RuleThe Personal Rule, the Long Parliament and the Road to WarThe First Civil WarThe Second Civil War and the LevellersThe Army, Parliament and the Regicide
1E Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796
Topic overviewRussian Society and Government in 1682The Succession Crisis of 1682 and the StreltsyPeter's Western Interests, the Great Embassy and St PetersburgPeter I's Early Economic, Political and Military ReformsOpposition to Peter's Reforms and the Streltsy RevoltThe Azov Campaigns and the Battle of NarvaThe Poll Tax and State MonopoliesThe Holy Synod, the Senate and Church ReformThe Colleges, Provincial Government and the Table of RanksWesternisation, Opposition and Peter's Legacy by 1725The Great Northern War and Peter's Foreign PolicyThe Service State under Peter the Great
1F Industrialisation and the People: Britain, c1783–1885
Topic overviewThe British Political System in 1783Pitt the Younger and His MinistriesPitt's Financial and Trade ReformsEarly Industrialisation: Textiles, Iron and SteamEnclosure and Agricultural ChangeSocial Classes, Working Conditions and the Old Poor LawThe French Revolution and British RadicalismThe Irish Rebellion of 1798 and the Act of UnionThe Wars with France and the Home FrontLuddism and Britain by 1812Lord Liverpool, the Corn Laws and PeterlooCanning, Wellington and Catholic EmancipationTextiles, Iron, Coal and the Common LandsUrbanisation and Working-Class DiscontentRadicals, Abolitionists and the Rise of MethodismThe Great Reform Act of 1832
1G Challenge and Transformation: Britain, c1851–1964
Topic overviewParliament and the Franchise before 1867The Second Reform Act, Gladstone and DisraeliThe Workshop of the World, Free Trade and Agricultural DepressionClass and Region in Victorian BritainThe Domestic Reforms of Gladstone and DisraeliIreland, the Great Famine and the Land QuestionGladstone's Home Rule Bill and Its OpponentsConservative Dominance before 1905Socialism and the Birth of the Labour PartyNew Liberalism, the People's Budget and the Parliament ActThe Great Depression, Industrial Decline and Tariff ReformNew Unionism, the Great Unrest and Women's SuffrageLiving Standards, Poverty and the Liberal Welfare ReformsThe Home Rule Movement and the Irish Party
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Topic overviewAutocracy and Serfdom in 1855The Emancipation of the Serfs and Alexander II's ReformsReform, Reaction and the Death of Alexander IIPobedonostsev and RussificationLiberals, Populists and the Tsarist PoliceEconomy and Society after EmancipationNicholas II, Bloody Sunday and the Fundamental LawsThe Dumas, Stolypin and Witte's IndustrialisationWorkers, Peasants and the Grain TradeLiberals, Socialist Revolutionaries and MarxistsThe First World War and the February RevolutionLenin's Return and the October RevolutionLenin's Ideology, War Communism and KronstadtStalin's Rise and the Power Struggle
1J The British Empire, c1857–1967
Topic overviewThe Suez Canal and the Occupation of EgyptThe Indian Mutiny and the Government of India ActThe Scramble for Africa and the Chartered CompaniesMissionaries, the Civilising Mission and Party Attitudes to EmpireThe Boers, the Zulu War and Southern AfricaExpansion in Africa and the Government of IndiaLord Cromer and the Veiled Protectorate in EgyptIndirect Rule and the Entente CordialeChamberlain, Tariff Reform and Cecil RhodesThe Justifications for Empire and National EfficiencyExhibitions, Youth Movements and Popular ImperialismThe Boer War and the Union of South Africa
1K The Making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975
Topic overviewJohnson, Grant and Radical ReconstructionThe Redeemers and the Gilded Age PresidentsThe Post-Reconstruction South and Jim CrowThe Railroad Boom and Big Business in the Gilded AgeThe Closing of the Frontier and Gilded Age Foreign PolicyThe Populist Movement and the People's PartyProgressivism and Roosevelt's Square DealWilson's New Freedom and America's Economic RiseImmigration, Urban Growth and SegregationAmerican Imperialism and the War of 1898Neutrality and Entry into the First World WarAmerican Society and Industrial Power by 1920
1L The Quest for Political Stability: Germany, 1871–1991
Topic overviewThe States of the German Empire in 1871The Constitution of 1871: Bundesrat and ReichstagBismarck's Domestic PoliciesWilhelm II and WeltpolitikGerman Industrial Power before 1914The Burgertum and the Prestige of the EliteWorkers, Pressure Groups and Germany by 1914War, Revolution and the Weimar Constitution, 1914-1919Reparations, Putsches and the Crisis of 1923Stresemann, the Dawes Plan and Locarno
2A Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216
2B The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499
2C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Topic overviewPapal Supremacy and the Church HierarchySalvation and the Seven SacramentsCorruption, Humanism and Demands for Reform before 1517The Holy Roman Empire and Its ElectorsThe Imperial Diet, the Young Luther and the 95 ThesesThe Disputations, Luther's Theology and the 1520 TreatisesLuther in Print, Excommunication and the Diet of WormsKarlstadt, the Zwickau Prophets and Luther's ReturnZwingli, the Eucharist and the Knights' RevoltThe German Peasants' WarThe Swiss Reformation, the Kappel Wars and MarburgThe Diets of Speyer, the Augsburg Confession and Melanchthon
2D Religious Conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570
Topic overviewThe English Church and Its Wealth in 1529Humanism and the Call for Church ReformHenry VIII's Great MatterThe Reformation Parliament and the Break with RomeReformist and Conservative Factions at CourtFaction, Diplomacy and the DissolutionThe Reasons for and Effects of the DissolutionThe Pilgrimage of GraceThe Ten Articles, the Six Articles and the King's BookReligion and War in Henry VIII's Last Years
2E The English Revolution, 1625–1660
Topic overviewJames I's Legacy and Charles I's KingshipCharles I, Buckingham and the Petition of RightThe Personal Rule and Its MinistersLaud's Reforms and Protestant FearsThe Scottish Prayer Book and Thorough in IrelandPuritan Emigration, the National Covenant and the First Bishops' WarThe Bishops' Wars and the Recall of ParliamentCharles I and the Parliamentary Opposition in 1640John Pym and the Long ParliamentDeadlock, the Fall of Strafford and the Irish RebellionThe Attempt on the Five MembersThe Militia Ordinance and the Drift to WarThe Nineteen Propositions and the Outbreak of War
2F The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715
Topic overviewRichelieu and the Regency of Anne of AustriaMazarin, the Parlement and the FrondesWestphalia and the Treaty of the PyreneesThe Start of Personal Rule and France in 1661Louis XIV's Conception of KingshipThe Royal Council, the Intendants and VersaillesColbert, Mercantilism and the Royal AcademiesThe Huguenots and the Edict of FontainebleauGloire, Foreign Policy Aims and Louvois's ArmyThe Decline of Spain and Louis XIV's Wars to 1684
2G The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801
Topic overviewMercantilism, Salutary Neglect and the Colonies in 1760The Thirteen Colonies and the Impact of the Seven Years WarFrom the Proclamation of 1763 to the Boston Tea PartyThe Intolerable Acts of 1774The First Continental CongressCommon Sense and the Organisation of ResistanceGeneral Gage and the Road to LexingtonThe Declaration of Independence
2H France in Revolution, 1774–1815
Topic overviewLouis XVI and French AbsolutismThe Three Estates and Seigneurial RightsTaxation and the Weaknesses of the Ancien RegimeThe Philosophes and the EnlightenmentThe Financial Crisis of the Ancien RegimeCalonne and the Assembly of NotablesThe Crisis of 1788 and the Estates-GeneralThe Cahiers and the Opening of the Estates-GeneralThe National Assembly and the Fall of the BastilleThe Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the Constitution of 1791The Political Clubs, Varennes and the Fall of the MonarchyThe Founding of the RepublicThe Execution of Louis XVI, the Vendee and the Federalist RevoltThe Levee en Masse and the Coming of the TerrorThe Fall of the Factions and the Great TerrorThermidor and the Dismantling of the TerrorVendemiaire and the Directory
2J America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877
Topic overviewFederalism and States' RightsThe Northern Economy by 1845Cotton, Plantations and the Southern EconomyThe Missouri Compromise and the Nullification CrisisManifest Destiny and the Compromise of 1850The Fugitive Slave Law, Abolitionism and Pro-Slavery ArgumentsThe Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding KansasThe Formation of the Republican PartyDred Scott, the Lincoln-Douglas Debates and Harper's FerryThe Election of 1860, Secession and Fort Sumter
2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941
Topic overviewHow Britain and France Made Foreign PolicyThe Economic and Military Strength of the Great PowersThe Scramble for Africa and Great Power RivalryBalkan Nationalism and Austria-HungaryThe Naval Race, the Arms Race and War PlansThe Moroccan CrisesThe Entente Cordiale and the Triple EntenteThe Decline of the Ottoman EmpireThe Bosnian Crisis of 1908The Balkan WarsSarajevo and the Austrian UltimatumMobilisation and the Schlieffen PlanThe July CrisisItaly, the USA and the Widening War
2L Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945
Topic overviewA Young Kingdom: North, South and the RisorgimentoThe Italian Monarchy and the Narrow FranchiseGiolitti and the Gentiloni PactIndustrial Growth, Socialism and Labour UnrestNationalism, Futurism and the Triple AllianceIntervention in 1915 and Italy's War AimsThe Isonzo Front and CaporettoThe Home Front and the Peace SettlementFiume and the Mutilated VictoryPost-War Crisis and Political InstabilityThe Biennio Rosso and the Fascist ResponseThe March on Rome and Mussolini's AppointmentWhy the Elites Accepted MussoliniFascist Ideology, the Ras and the Cult of the DuceThe Grand Council, the Acerbo Law and the Matteotti CrisisBuilding the Dictatorship, 1925-1926Corfu, Fiume and the Consolidation of Power
2M Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957
Topic overviewThe Liberal Landslide of 1906 and New LiberalismThe Lib-Lab Pact, Tariff Reform and the Edwardian EconomyEdwardian Class, Poverty and the People's BudgetThe Liberal Welfare ReformsThe Parliament Act, Women's Suffrage and Home RuleThe Labour Unrest of 1910 to 1914The Wartime Coalitions and the Liberal SplitThe War Economy, DORA and Post-War IndustryWomen's War Work, the Vote and ConscriptionThe War Poets, the Easter Rising and Irish IndependenceLiberal Decline, the First Labour Government and BaldwinThe Return to Gold, the Coal Crisis and the General StrikeThe Divided Regions, Women and Culture in the 1920sThe Flapper Vote and the 1929 Election
2N Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953
Topic overviewTsarism and the Strain of War by 1917The February RevolutionThe Provisional Government and the April ThesesThe October RevolutionThe First Decrees, the Constituent Assembly and the Leaders of 1917The Cheka and the Rise of One-Party RuleBrest-Litovsk and the Causes of the Civil WarTrotsky and the Building of the Red ArmyWhy the Reds Won the Civil WarBolshevik Social Reform, War Communism and the Red TerrorTambov and KronstadtThe New Economic PolicyForeign Intervention, the Comintern and Soviet DiplomacyLenin's Death, His Testament and the Contenders for PowerPermanent Revolution and Socialism in One CountryThe Defeat of the Oppositions and the Great TurnThe Stalin Cult and Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1920s
2O Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945
Topic overviewThe Collapse of 1918 and the Kiel MutinyThe Weimar Constitution and the Terms of VersaillesThe Military Terms of Versailles and German ReactionsThe Ruhr Occupation and the Hyperinflation of 1923The Spartacist Uprising and the FreikorpsThe Ruhr Crisis, the Courts and the Munich PutschThe Munich Putsch and Weimar's CoalitionsStresemann and the Dawes PlanWeimar Culture: Bauhaus, Art and TheatreHindenburg's Election and the Golden YearsStresemann's Foreign Policy and LocarnoThe Wall Street Crash and the German BanksBruning's Deflation and the Nazi Electoral BreakthroughNazi Propaganda, the SA and Nazi AppealThe Divided Left, Hindenburg and PapenThe Prussian Coup and Hitler's Refusal of OfficeThe Reichstag Fire, the Enabling Act and the End of DemocracyGleichschaltung and the One-Party StateThe Night of the Long Knives
2P The Transformation of China, 1936–1997
Topic overviewJapanese Encroachment and the GuomindangThe Encirclement Campaigns, the Long March and Mao's IdeologyYan'an, the Xi'an Incident and the Second United FrontThe Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945The Race for Territory and the Marshall MissionThe Nationalist Position in 1946The Civil War and the Nationalist CollapseChina in 1949 and the Founding of the RepublicThe Mass Campaigns and the Grip on PowerThe Soviet Alliance and the Korean WarThe Hundred Flowers and the First Five Year PlanThe Great Leap Forward and the People's CommunesRectification, the Marriage Law and Social Change
2Q The American Dream: Reality and Illusion, 1945–1980
Topic overviewAmerican Power and Politics in 1945Truman and the Fair DealContainment, NATO and the Korean WarTaft-Hartley, the 1948 Election and McCarthyismCivil Rights in the Truman YearsEisenhower and Modern RepublicanismThe Fall of McCarthy and the Fifties EconomySuburbia, the Highways and the New LookHungary, Rollback and the Berlin CrisisEisenhower, South Vietnam and SEATOBrown, Montgomery and Little RockThe Election of 1960The New Frontier and the Berlin WallCivil Rights under Kennedy and America by 1963
2R The Cold War, c1945–1991
Topic overviewYalta, Potsdam and the Wartime AllianceThe Sovietisation of Eastern EuropeThe Marshall Plan and American Aid to EuropeThe Division of Germany, the Berlin Blockade and NATOJapan, China and NSC-68Korea in 1950 and the UN ResponseMcCarthyism and the Isolation of ChinaNATO, the Warsaw Pact and the First Indochina WarKhrushchev and the Crises of 1956 in Poland and HungaryThe Hungarian Uprising, Peaceful Coexistence and the Paris SummitThe U-2 Affair, the Missile Race and the Space RaceThe Berlin Crisis and the Berlin WallThe Division of Vietnam and the NLFCuba, the Bay of Pigs and the Missile Crisis
2S The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007
Topic overviewThe Conservative Prime Ministers, 1951 to 1964The Long Boom and Stop-GoWomen, Youth, Immigration and the Notting Hill RiotsForeign Policy, Suez and Decolonisation, 1951-1964Harold Wilson and the National PlanDevaluation and Labour's Economic Policy, 1965-1969In Place of Strife, Education and Northern IrelandThe Abolition of Hanging and Divorce ReformThe Media, the Permissive Society and Race in the 1960sVietnam, the EEC Veto and the Atlantic AllianceHeath, the 1970 Election and Selsdon ParkThe Industrial Relations Act and the 1972 StrikeThe Oil Crisis and the Second Miners' StrikeNorthern Ireland from Bloody Sunday to SunningdaleThe Social Contract, the IMF Crisis and the Winter of DiscontentFeminism, Equality Legislation and Immigration in the 1970sPunk and the New Politics of the 1970sBritain's Entry into the EEC and the 1975 ReferendumThe Special Relationship and Detente in the 1970s
2T The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000
Topic overviewStalin's Death and the System He LeftKhrushchev's Rise and the Anti-Party GroupThe Secret Speech and De-StalinisationThe Sovnarkhozy, Housing and the ThawThe Virgin Lands Scheme and Agricultural FailureThe Thaw, China and Khrushchev's Foreign PolicyThe Fall of KhrushchevBrezhnev and His Leading ColleaguesThe Kosygin Reforms and Economic StagnationDetente, Afghanistan and the Second Cold WarDissidents and Nationalist Unrest under BrezhnevAndropov, Chernenko and the Rise of GorbachevGorbachev's Aims and PerestroikaGlasnost, Afghanistan and the End of the Cold WarChernobyl, Economic Restructuring and DemocratisationThe Opposition to GorbachevThe August Coup and the End of the USSRYeltsin and Shock TherapyPutin's Rise and the Second Chechen War
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
- 14 subtopics
- 67 things to know
- Component 1
What 1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 covers
Option 1H is a breadth study of Russia, taken as one of the Component 1 choices. It runs from the attempt to preserve autocracy under Alexander II through revolution and the making of the Communist dictatorship to the years after Stalin.
Where it is assessed
Component 1
A breadth study, of which a student sits one.
Check the AQA specification ↗The 14 subtopics
Each one has its own page. AQA AS History students sit this topic in the first year.
- Autocracy and Serfdom in 1855Recall questions on what autocracy meant in practice, the structure of Russian society and the restrictions serfdom placed on peasants.Open →
- The Emancipation of the Serfs and Alexander II's ReformsRecall questions on the Emancipation Edict of 1861, redemption payments, the mir and the settlement's limits, and Alexander II's other reforms: the zemstva, the judicial reforms of 1864, education, censorship and Milyutin's army reforms.Open →
- Reform, Reaction and the Death of Alexander IIRecall questions on the purpose behind the reforms, the attempt of 1866 that hardened the Tsar, and the reaction under Alexander III.Open →
- Pobedonostsev and RussificationRecall questions on the ideology of the Tsar's chief adviser and on how Russian language and culture were imposed on subject peoples.Open →
- Liberals, Populists and the Tsarist PoliceRecall questions on Russian liberals and the zemstva, Populism and the Going to the People of 1874, Land and Liberty, the People's Will and Black Repartition, nihilism, and the Third Section and the Okhrana.Open →
- Economy and Society after EmancipationRecall questions on industry and railways under Alexander II and III, land hunger among the peasants, the declining nobility, social divisions, the intelligentsia's Slavophiles and Westernisers, and the Orthodox Church's support for Tsarism.Open →
- Nicholas II, Bloody Sunday and the Fundamental LawsRecall questions on the new Tsar's belief in autocracy, the petition to the Winter Palace and the powers kept back from the Duma.Open →
- The Dumas, Stolypin and Witte's IndustrialisationRecall questions on the dissolved first two Dumas and the electoral change of 1907, Stolypin's repression and land reforms, Witte's industrialisation and the Trans-Siberian Railway, and Russian industry and agriculture up to 1914.Open →
- Workers, Peasants and the Grain TradeRecall questions on why grain was exported at the peasants' expense and on the living and working conditions of town and country.Open →
- Liberals, Socialist Revolutionaries and MarxistsRecall questions on the Kadets and Octobrists, the Socialist Revolutionaries, Marxism and the Social Democrats' split of 1903 into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, and the methods of radical groups and the Okhrana.Open →
- The First World War and the February RevolutionRecall questions on the army's failures, the Tsar's command and Rasputin's influence, wartime economic and social strain, the Progressive Bloc, the February Revolution and abdication, and the Provisional Government, Petrograd Soviet and Order Number One.Open →
- Lenin's Return and the October RevolutionRecall questions on the April Theses, the July Days and the Kornilov Affair, the seizure of power in October 1917, the decrees on peace and land, Sovnarkom and the Cheka, the Constituent Assembly and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.Open →
- Lenin's Ideology, War Communism and KronstadtRecall questions on Lenin's Marxism, the vanguard party and democratic centralism, grain requisitioning, industry, private trade and labour conscription under War Communism, the Red Terror and the Kronstadt Rebellion.Open →
- Stalin's Rise and the Power StruggleRecall questions on Socialism in One Country, Stalin's use of the General Secretary's post and party appointments, his shifting alliances against Trotsky, the Left and Bukharin's Right, and the fate of Lenin's Testament.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
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What were the key features of Russia's political system in 1855?
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What was serfdom and what restrictions did it impose on peasants?
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What role did the mir play after emancipation?
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What were the zemstva and what responsibilities did they have?
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What happened to censorship under Alexander II?
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What was the underlying purpose of Alexander II's reforms?
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What event in 1866 caused Alexander II to become more reactionary?
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What powers did the Statute on State Security (1881) grant the government?
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What was Russification?
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What was Populism (Narodnichestvo)?
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What methods did the Tsarist regime use to deal with opposition?
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What personal qualities did Nicholas II lack that made him ill-suited to managing the pressures facing the Russian state?
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What powers did the Fundamental Laws of 1906 preserve for the Tsar despite the creation of the Duma?
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Who led the workers presenting a petition to the Winter Palace on Bloody Sunday in January 1905?
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What change followed the dissolution of the Second Duma in 1907?
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How could peasants reorganise their landholdings under Stolypin's reforms?
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What policies did Finance Minister Witte use to promote rapid industrial growth in the 1890s?
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How were grain exports significant to the Russian government, and at whose expense were they achieved?
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How was Russian society legally organised, and what were the main estates?
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What cultural changes occurred in late tsarist Russia?
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What two traditions influenced socialism in Russia?
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What type of party organisation did Lenin and the Bolsheviks advocate?
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What methods did radical groups use, and how did the Okhrana respond?
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What military problems did Russia face during the First World War?
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How did the protests in Petrograd develop after 23 February 1917?
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What were the July Days and what were their consequences?
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What was the Marxist foundation of Lenin's ideology?
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After defeating Trotsky, who did Stalin ally with against the Left Opposition?
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What was grain requisitioning under War Communism?
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What was the policy on private trade under NEP?
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When and where was the ban on factions within the Communist Party introduced?
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What did the 1924 Constitution establish as the supreme authority, and where did real power actually lie?
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How was terror used as a governing tool under Stalin?
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Define dekulakisation and its impact.
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What was characteristic of the targets set in the First Five Year Plan?
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What was the purpose of internal passports introduced under Stalin?
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How did Stalin's policies change divorce laws?
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How did the Soviet state persecute the Orthodox Church through its buildings?
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How was history rewritten under Stalin?
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What economic policies did Bukharin's Right Opposition support?
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What punishments were meted out during the Great Purges?
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What was the impact of the purge of the Red Army in 1937-38?
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Who led the NKVD during the mass operations of the Great Terror, and what was his fate?
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What was the state of Soviet agriculture by 1941?
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What was the codename for the German invasion of the USSR in June 1941, and what immediate effect did it have on the Soviet system?
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How did the war affect Soviet ideological controls regarding religion?
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What were the estimated Soviet population losses during the war, and what problems did this create?
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What is meant by 'High Stalinism' and when did it occur?
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What happened to the Gulag system after the war?
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How did Khrushchev outmanoeuvre Malenkov in the power struggle?
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Who comprised the Anti-Party Group, and what happened when they attempted to remove Khrushchev in June 1957?
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What positions did Khrushchev hold by 1958?
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What were the key elements of Khrushchev's ideology regarding international relations?
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What characterised post-war Stalinist economic policy?
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What was the Virgin Lands scheme?
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How did policy toward private peasant plots change from the post-war period to Khrushchev's era?
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What does 'The Thaw' refer to in Soviet history?
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How did the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) affect Khrushchev's position?
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What was the Soviet Union's international and economic status by 1964?
Process
What was Russification, and who promoted and suffered it?
Process
Why did the land issue remain unresolved after emancipation?
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What was the difference between Slavophiles and Westernisers?
Process
Who were Russia's finance ministers before Witte?
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How did Stalin's state control workers and prisoners, and how did it change divorce law?
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What were the foundations of Lenin's ideology?
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What military and economic problems did Russia face in the First World War?
Take 1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
War Communism vs New Economic Policy
War Communism: centralised emergency controls imposed during civil conflict. New Economic Policy: mixed system restoring limited private trade after economic collapse.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What did autocracy mean in the Russian political system?
Model answer
The Tsar held absolute power, ruling by divine right without constitutional limits or a representative assembly.
- 2
What were the key features of Russia's political system in 1855?
Model answer
Centralised bureaucratic control, censorship, and the absence of elected national institutions.
- 3
Describe the structure of Russian society in 1855.
Model answer
It was rigidly hierarchical, with the nobility holding privileges, a small urban middle class, and the vast majority being enserfed peasants.
- 4
What was serfdom and what restrictions did it impose on peasants?
Model answer
Serfdom bound peasants to the land and their landlords, requiring labour services or payments and restricting their freedom of movement.
- 5
What characterised Russia's economy in 1855?
Model answer
It was predominantly agricultural, with limited industrial development, poor infrastructure, and reliance on serf labour.
- 6
What military weaknesses did the Crimean War expose in Russia?
Model answer
Outdated weapons, inadequate transport networks, and poor logistics.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 revision questions
- Is 1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 examined at AS in AQA History?
- Yes. It sits in Component 1, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
- What does 1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 cover in AQA AS-Level History?
- 14 subtopics: autocracy and serfdom in 1855, the emancipation of the serfs and alexander ii's reforms, reform, reaction and the death of alexander ii, pobedonostsev and russification, liberals, populists and the tsarist police, economy and society after emancipation, nicholas ii, bloody sunday and the fundamental laws, the dumas, stolypin and witte's industrialisation, workers, peasants and the grain trade, liberals, socialist revolutionaries and marxists, the first world war and the february revolution, lenin's return and the october revolution, lenin's ideology, war communism and kronstadt and stalin's rise and the power struggle. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is 1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 organised?
- By the AQA 7042 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in 1H Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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