Key term
AQA GCSE Combined Science Biology 8464
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversity
Homeostasis and Response
Infection and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisDNA and the genomeGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Infection and Response
Vaccination
- 3 things to know
- Biology Paper 1
Overview
What a vaccine contains and how it stimulates antibody production, why vaccinated people respond faster to a pathogen, protection when most of a population is immunised, and the timing of vaccines, second doses and vaccinating babies.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What does a vaccine stimulate the white blood cells to do?
Key term
Explain why being vaccinated does not usually make a person ill.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What does a vaccine contain?
Model answer
Small quantities of a dead or inactive form of a pathogen.
- 2
What does a vaccine stimulate the white blood cells to do?
Model answer
Produce antibodies against that pathogen.
- 3
Explain why being vaccinated does not usually make a person ill.
Model answer
The pathogen in the vaccine is dead or inactive, so it cannot reproduce and cause the disease.
- 4
Describe what happens if the same pathogen enters the body after vaccination.
Model answer
The white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, so the infection is prevented.
- 5
Explain why the response to a pathogen is faster in a vaccinated person than in someone meeting it for the first time.
Model answer
The white blood cells that make the correct antibody are already present, so the antibody is produced without delay.
- 6
Explain how vaccination prevents illness in the person who receives it.
Model answer
It makes the immune system ready to produce the right antibodies quickly, so the pathogen is destroyed before it can multiply enough to cause symptoms.
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