Which indicators are used to judge a country's macroeconomic performance?

Real GDP growth, the unemployment rate, the rate of inflation and the current account balance, usually considered alongside productivity, government debt and income inequality.

Why is real GDP growth judged against the trend rate rather than looked at in isolation?

Because any single year's figure reflects the stage of the cycle, whereas comparing it with the long-run trend shows whether the economy is growing faster or slower than its sustainable rate.

What was the defining break in United Kingdom macroeconomic performance during the last two decades?

The global financial crisis of 2007 to 2009, after which output fell sharply and the recovery in output per person was unusually slow by historical standards.

What is the productivity puzzle?

The observation that growth in United Kingdom output per hour worked slowed sharply after the financial crisis and remained weak, even though employment recovered strongly.

Why does weak productivity growth limit improvements in living standards?

Real wages can only rise sustainably if each hour of work produces more, so stagnant productivity means stagnant real pay.

OCR A-Level Economics H460

Introduction to Microeconomics

Topic overview Economic and free goods, scarcity and positive and normative statements Economic agents and the factors of production Factor rewards, rationality and the objectives of economic agents Incentives and the functions of the price mechanism Market, planned and mixed economies and allocative and productive efficiency Opportunity cost, trade-offs and the production possibility curve Shifts of the production possibility curve and uses of opportunity cost

Microeconomics: The Role of Markets

Topic overview Specialisation, the division of labour and barter Money as a medium of exchange and the gains from specialisation Individual and market demand and joint, competitive and composite demand Movements along and shifts of the demand curve Individual and market supply and joint and competitive supply Movements along and shifts of the supply curve Consumer surplus and producer surplus How changes in price affect consumer and producer surplus Ceteris paribus and market equilibrium and disequilibrium Changes in demand and supply and their effects on related markets Price and income elasticity of demand and total revenue Cross elasticity, price elasticity of supply and the uses of elasticity Marginal utility, marginal cost and decisions at the margin Market failure and marginal social cost and benefit Positive and negative production and consumption externalities Information failure, asymmetric information and merit and demerit goods Merit and demerit good diagrams and correcting information failure Public, private and quasi-public goods The free rider problem and the provision of public goods Indirect taxes and subsidies to correct market failure State provision, price controls, buffer stocks and legislation Regulation, tradable pollution permits and government failure

Microeconomics: Business Objectives

Topic overview Profit maximisation and alternative business objectives Corporate social responsibility and the principal-agent problem Fixed, variable, average and marginal costs Diminishing returns and economies and diseconomies of scale Total, average and marginal revenue Profit, loss and normal and supernormal profit

Microeconomics: Market Structures

Topic overview Perfect competition in the short and long run and allocative efficiency Productive efficiency and perfect competition as a benchmark Monopoly characteristics, equilibrium and static efficiency Dynamic efficiency, price discrimination and natural monopoly Characteristics of monopolistic competition and its short run equilibrium Long run equilibrium and efficiency in monopolistic competition Characteristics of oligopoly, concentration ratios and the kinked demand curve Non-price competition, collusion and the pros and cons of oligopoly Characteristics of contestable markets, sunk costs and hit-and-run entry Efficiency, barriers and the limits of contestable markets

Microeconomics: The Labour Market

Topic overview Derived demand for labour and wage elasticity of demand Labour productivity, unit labour costs and marginal revenue product Supply of labour and wage elasticity of supply Short and long run labour supply, transfer earnings and economic rent Wage differentials, labour mobility and monopsony Trade unions, bilateral monopoly and the effects of monopsony Wage determination in a competitive labour market and labour market flexibility

Macroeconomics: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply

Topic overview The circular flow of income, injections and leakages Methods of measuring national income Components of aggregate demand and their determinants The slope of the aggregate demand curve and what shifts it Consumption, income and the role of expectations Short run and long run aggregate supply curves Shifts in short run and long run aggregate supply Macroeconomic equilibrium and the effects of demand and supply shifts The national income multiplier and marginal propensities The accelerator, the economic cycle and output gaps

Macroeconomics: Economic Policy Objectives

Topic overview Economic growth, real and nominal GDP and GDP per capita Short and long run growth, the economic cycle and the effects of growth Economic structure, deindustrialisation and sustainable development Limitations of GDP and the Human Development Index Employment, unemployment rates and the objective of full employment Measures, types and costs of unemployment and the effects of full employment Inflation, deflation, real values and the CPI and RPI Calculating inflation with index numbers and its causes and consequences Balance of payments accounts and current account calculations Causes and consequences of current account imbalances Key trends in UK macroeconomic performance Comparing UK performance internationally and the limits of economic data Income and wealth, redistribution and absolute and relative poverty Lorenz curves, the Gini coefficient and the causes of poverty The natural rate of unemployment and Keynesian and neo-classical aggregate supply Short and long run Phillips Curves and their usefulness

Macroeconomics: Implementing Policy

Topic overview The government budget, types of tax and the budget balance National debt, cyclical and structural deficits and crowding out The Laffer curve, average and marginal tax rates and limits of fiscal policy Interest rates, the money supply and inflation targets Quantitative easing, the exchange rate and limits of monetary policy Privatisation, deregulation and subsidies as supply side policies Competition policy, infrastructure, education and tax and benefit reform Labour market flexibility, immigration control and limits of supply side policy Conflicts between macroeconomic policy objectives

Macroeconomics: The Global Context

Topic overview Patterns of international trade and global supply chains Advantages and disadvantages of international trade Exchange rate calculations and how exchange rates are determined Exchange rate changes, the Marshall-Lerner condition and exchange rate systems Globalisation, international competitiveness and comparative advantage Terms of trade and the impact of globalisation and emerging economies Protectionism and the effects of a tariff Quotas, trade creation, economic integration and the World Trade Organisation

Macroeconomics: The Financial Sector

Topic overview Functions of money, credit creation and narrow and broad money The quantity theory of money and interest rates in the money market Roles of the financial sector, saving and investment The Harrod-Domar model and microfinance Financial regulation and the functions of a central bank Monetary policy effectiveness, limits of regulation and the IMF

Quantitative Skills for Economics

Topic overview Ratios, percentages, averages, graphs, index numbers and real values Cost, revenue, profit and elasticity calculations

Themes in Economics: Synoptic Application

Topic overview Choosing models and judging data and assumptions in an unseen theme Efficiency, equity, sustainability and ethics in economic judgements

Macroeconomics: Economic Policy Objectives

Key trends in UK macroeconomic performance

3 things to know
Component 02

Overview

Recall questions on the indicators used to judge performance and key UK trends in growth, productivity, unemployment, inflation, the current account and government debt.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What broad path has United Kingdom unemployment followed since the financial crisis?

Key term

What kind of inflation shock hit the United Kingdom in the early 2020s, and what drove it?

Key term

Why is an inflation episode driven by import prices harder for monetary policy to control?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Which indicators are used to judge a country's macroeconomic performance?
Model answer
Real GDP growth, the unemployment rate, the rate of inflation and the current account balance, usually considered alongside productivity, government debt and income inequality.
2
Why is real GDP growth judged against the trend rate rather than looked at in isolation?
Model answer
Because any single year's figure reflects the stage of the cycle, whereas comparing it with the long-run trend shows whether the economy is growing faster or slower than its sustainable rate.
3
What was the defining break in United Kingdom macroeconomic performance during the last two decades?
Model answer
The global financial crisis of 2007 to 2009, after which output fell sharply and the recovery in output per person was unusually slow by historical standards.
4
What is the productivity puzzle?
Model answer
The observation that growth in United Kingdom output per hour worked slowed sharply after the financial crisis and remained weak, even though employment recovered strongly.
5
Why does weak productivity growth limit improvements in living standards?
Model answer
Real wages can only rise sustainably if each hour of work produces more, so stagnant productivity means stagnant real pay.
6
What broad path has United Kingdom unemployment followed since the financial crisis?
Model answer
It rose in the 2008–09 recession, then fell across the 2010s expansion to a multi-decade low. Through the pandemic it was held down by the furlough scheme rather than rising as it would otherwise have done, and the striking change since has been a rise in economic inactivity — people leaving the labour force altogether, notably through long-term sickness — which unemployment figures do not capture. Wage growth stayed weaker than in earlier recoveries throughout.

See the rest and revise

Other ways to work this

The same content, four other ways.

What is inside Levo

Six ways to work the same material.

1Closed book

2Open book

3Closed book

The 3-step method, run for you

Answer cold, learn it, then prove it stuck. Levo tracks the jump between your first attempt and your last.

Introduction to Microeconomics

Microeconomics: The Role of Markets

Microeconomics: Business Objectives

Microeconomics: Market Structures

Cram a whole paper in one sitting

Sort every topic into what you know and what you do not, then drill only the weak ones.

An of demand.

extensionincreaseelasticity

Blank Blitz makes facts automatic

Rapid timed gap-fills on the terms and numbers you need to recall without thinking.

AAt 0% nothing is levied at all.

BAt 100% there is no reward left for the taxed activity.

CThe activity ceases and there is nothing to tax.

Build It gets the exam shape right

Assemble a full-mark answer from its marking points, in the order an examiner wants them.

Economic growth means an increase in real output over a period.

TrueFalse

Test It catches misconceptions

Spot the fault in a statement. The traps are the mistakes students actually make.

721941163128510

Brain Breaks between sessions

Short focus games to reset attention, so the next set lands better than the last.

Every question in Macroeconomics: Economic Policy Objectives, on a schedule.

Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.

Start revising, £5 a month See how the method works

Or £46 a year, about £3.83 a month. Cancel anytime.