Key term
OCR A-Level Economics H460
Introduction to Microeconomics
Topic overviewEconomic and free goods, scarcity and positive and normative statementsEconomic agents and the factors of productionFactor rewards, rationality and the objectives of economic agentsIncentives and the functions of the price mechanismMarket, planned and mixed economies and allocative and productive efficiencyOpportunity cost, trade-offs and the production possibility curveShifts of the production possibility curve and uses of opportunity cost
Microeconomics: The Role of Markets
Topic overviewSpecialisation, the division of labour and barterMoney as a medium of exchange and the gains from specialisationIndividual and market demand and joint, competitive and composite demandMovements along and shifts of the demand curveIndividual and market supply and joint and competitive supplyMovements along and shifts of the supply curveConsumer surplus and producer surplusHow changes in price affect consumer and producer surplusCeteris paribus and market equilibrium and disequilibriumChanges in demand and supply and their effects on related marketsPrice and income elasticity of demand and total revenueCross elasticity, price elasticity of supply and the uses of elasticityMarginal utility, marginal cost and decisions at the marginMarket failure and marginal social cost and benefitPositive and negative production and consumption externalitiesInformation failure, asymmetric information and merit and demerit goodsMerit and demerit good diagrams and correcting information failurePublic, private and quasi-public goodsThe free rider problem and the provision of public goodsIndirect taxes and subsidies to correct market failureState provision, price controls, buffer stocks and legislationRegulation, tradable pollution permits and government failure
Microeconomics: Business Objectives
Topic overviewProfit maximisation and alternative business objectivesCorporate social responsibility and the principal-agent problemFixed, variable, average and marginal costsDiminishing returns and economies and diseconomies of scaleTotal, average and marginal revenueProfit, loss and normal and supernormal profit
Microeconomics: Market Structures
Topic overviewPerfect competition in the short and long run and allocative efficiencyProductive efficiency and perfect competition as a benchmarkMonopoly characteristics, equilibrium and static efficiencyDynamic efficiency, price discrimination and natural monopolyCharacteristics of monopolistic competition and its short run equilibriumLong run equilibrium and efficiency in monopolistic competitionCharacteristics of oligopoly, concentration ratios and the kinked demand curveNon-price competition, collusion and the pros and cons of oligopolyCharacteristics of contestable markets, sunk costs and hit-and-run entryEfficiency, barriers and the limits of contestable markets
Microeconomics: The Labour Market
Topic overviewDerived demand for labour and wage elasticity of demandLabour productivity, unit labour costs and marginal revenue productSupply of labour and wage elasticity of supplyShort and long run labour supply, transfer earnings and economic rentWage differentials, labour mobility and monopsonyTrade unions, bilateral monopoly and the effects of monopsonyWage determination in a competitive labour market and labour market flexibility
Macroeconomics: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
Topic overviewThe circular flow of income, injections and leakagesMethods of measuring national incomeComponents of aggregate demand and their determinantsThe slope of the aggregate demand curve and what shifts itConsumption, income and the role of expectationsShort run and long run aggregate supply curvesShifts in short run and long run aggregate supplyMacroeconomic equilibrium and the effects of demand and supply shiftsThe national income multiplier and marginal propensitiesThe accelerator, the economic cycle and output gaps
Macroeconomics: Economic Policy Objectives
Topic overviewEconomic growth, real and nominal GDP and GDP per capitaShort and long run growth, the economic cycle and the effects of growthEconomic structure, deindustrialisation and sustainable developmentLimitations of GDP and the Human Development IndexEmployment, unemployment rates and the objective of full employmentMeasures, types and costs of unemployment and the effects of full employmentInflation, deflation, real values and the CPI and RPICalculating inflation with index numbers and its causes and consequencesBalance of payments accounts and current account calculationsCauses and consequences of current account imbalancesKey trends in UK macroeconomic performanceComparing UK performance internationally and the limits of economic dataIncome and wealth, redistribution and absolute and relative povertyLorenz curves, the Gini coefficient and the causes of povertyThe natural rate of unemployment and Keynesian and neo-classical aggregate supplyShort and long run Phillips Curves and their usefulness
Macroeconomics: Implementing Policy
Topic overviewThe government budget, types of tax and the budget balanceNational debt, cyclical and structural deficits and crowding outThe Laffer curve, average and marginal tax rates and limits of fiscal policyInterest rates, the money supply and inflation targetsQuantitative easing, the exchange rate and limits of monetary policyPrivatisation, deregulation and subsidies as supply side policiesCompetition policy, infrastructure, education and tax and benefit reformLabour market flexibility, immigration control and limits of supply side policyConflicts between macroeconomic policy objectives
Macroeconomics: The Global Context
Topic overviewPatterns of international trade and global supply chainsAdvantages and disadvantages of international tradeExchange rate calculations and how exchange rates are determinedExchange rate changes, the Marshall-Lerner condition and exchange rate systemsGlobalisation, international competitiveness and comparative advantageTerms of trade and the impact of globalisation and emerging economiesProtectionism and the effects of a tariffQuotas, trade creation, economic integration and the World Trade Organisation
Macroeconomics: The Financial Sector
Topic overviewFunctions of money, credit creation and narrow and broad moneyThe quantity theory of money and interest rates in the money marketRoles of the financial sector, saving and investmentThe Harrod-Domar model and microfinanceFinancial regulation and the functions of a central bankMonetary policy effectiveness, limits of regulation and the IMF
Quantitative Skills for Economics
Themes in Economics: Synoptic Application
Macroeconomics: Implementing Policy
Competition policy, infrastructure, education and tax and benefit reform
- 3 things to know
- Component 02
Overview
Recall questions on competition policy, infrastructure, education, training and research spending, and income tax and benefit reforms including the unemployment trap.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
How does competition policy shift long-run aggregate supply?
Key term
On a diagram of a monopolised market, what happens to price, output and the deadweight loss area when competition is introduced?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is competition policy?
Model answer
It is the body of rules used to keep markets competitive and contestable, controlling mergers, prohibiting cartels and preventing abuse of a dominant position.
- 2
How does competition policy shift long-run aggregate supply?
Model answer
Firms exposed to genuine competitive pressure cut X-inefficiency and innovate, so costs of production fall across the economy and long-run aggregate supply shifts to the right.
- 3
On a diagram of a monopolised market, what happens to price, output and the deadweight loss area when competition is introduced?
Model answer
Price falls from the profit-maximising level towards marginal cost and output expands, so the deadweight loss triangle lying between the demand curve and the marginal cost curve shrinks.
- 4
Investment in infrastructure shifts which curves, and over what timescale?
Model answer
In the short run the construction spending itself shifts aggregate demand to the right, and once the roads, rail or broadband are in use the completed capacity shifts long-run aggregate supply to the right.
- 5
How do education and training raise long-run aggregate supply?
Model answer
They add to human capital and so raise labour productivity, meaning each worker produces more and the economy's total productive capacity increases.
- 6
How does state support for research and development shift long-run aggregate supply?
Model answer
Tax credits and grants raise the private return on innovation, so more new products and cheaper processes are developed and unit costs across the economy fall, moving long-run aggregate supply to the right.
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