How do employment tribunal procedures differ from ordinary court procedures?

They are less formal, with relaxed rules of evidence and limited costs awards.

Define mediation as a form of ADR.

Mediation is where a neutral third party facilitates discussion between the parties to help them reach their own agreement, without imposing a decision.

What is the key difference between the role of a mediator and a conciliator?

A mediator facilitates without suggesting outcomes, while a conciliator may actively propose solutions.

Name four types of disputes that employment tribunals have jurisdiction to hear.

Unfair dismissal, discrimination, redundancy payments, and breach of employment contract.

Who sits on an employment tribunal panel?

An employment judge who may sit alone or with two lay members representing employer and employee interests.

What must parties do before bringing a claim to an employment tribunal?

They must notify ACAS and participate in early conciliation.

OCR A-Level Law H418

Civil Courts and Other Forms of Dispute Resolution

Topic overview Civil courts: jurisdiction, procedure and appeals Employment tribunals and alternative dispute resolution

Criminal Courts and Lay People

Topic overview The criminal process and classification of offences Appeals and appellate courts Sentencing and the powers of the courts Lay magistrates Juries: selection, role and evaluation

Legal Personnel

Topic overview Barristers, solicitors and legal executives The judiciary and its role Separation of powers and judicial independence Evaluating the judiciary and its independence

Access to Justice

Topic overview Government funding of civil and criminal cases Private funding and advice agencies Evaluating access to justice

Rules and Theory of Criminal Law

Topic overview The rules of criminal law Theories of criminal law

General Elements of Criminal Liability

Topic overview Actus reus: acts, omissions and states of affairs Causation in criminal law Conduct and consequence crimes, strict liability and transferred malice

Fatal Offences Against the Person

Topic overview Murder Voluntary manslaughter Involuntary manslaughter Defences and evaluating fatal offences

Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person

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Offences Against Property

Topic overview Theft Robbery Burglary

Mental Capacity Defences

Topic overview Insanity and automatism Intoxication

General Defences

Topic overview Self-defence, duress and necessity Consent as a defence

Preliminary Offences

Topic overview Attempts Impossibility and attempt

Evaluation in Criminal Law

Topic overview Evaluating criminal law

Parliamentary Law Making

Topic overview The legislative process and Green and White Papers Evaluating parliamentary law making

Delegated Legislation

Topic overview Types of delegated legislation Parliamentary and judicial control of delegated legislation Advantages and disadvantages of delegated legislation

Statutory Interpretation

Topic overview Statutory interpretation and intrinsic aids The literal, golden and mischief rules The purposive approach and evaluating statutory interpretation Extrinsic aids and the Human Rights Act 1998

Judicial Precedent

Topic overview The doctrine of precedent The hierarchy of the courts Binding, persuasive and avoiding precedent

Law Reform

Topic overview The Law Commission and law reform Influences on Parliament

European Union Law

Topic overview Institutions of the European Union Sources of European Union law and direct effect The impact of European Union law on English law

Rules and Theory of Tort

Topic overview The rules and theory of tort

Liability in Negligence

Topic overview Duty of care and causation in negligence Breach of duty Economic loss, psychiatric injury and defective products

Occupiers’ Liability

Topic overview Occupiers' liability to visitors and trespassers

Torts Connected to Land

Topic overview Private nuisance Rylands v Fletcher

Vicarious Liability

Topic overview The nature and purpose of vicarious liability Liability for employees and independent contractors

Defences

Topic overview Defences in tort

Remedies in Tort

Topic overview Compensatory damages Other types of damages and mitigation of loss Injunctions

Evaluation in Tort

Topic overview Evaluating negligence and occupiers' liability

Introduction to the Nature of Law

Topic overview Law, rules and the rule of law Civil and criminal law and the development of English law

Law and Morality

Topic overview Law and morals: legal theory, pluralism and the Devlin-Hart debate

Law and Justice

Topic overview The meaning and theories of justice and how far the law achieves it

Law and Society

Topic overview The role of law in society, social control and moral panic Consensus, conflict, labelling and realist theories of law

Rules and Theory of Human RightsHuman rights

Topic overview The rules and theory of human rights

Protection of the Individual’s Human Rights and Freedoms in the UKHuman rights

Topic overview The European Convention and its history The Human Rights Act 1998 and its impact

Key Provisions of the European Convention on Human RightsHuman rights

Topic overview Articles 5 and 6: liberty and a fair trial Articles 8, 10 and 11: private life, expression and assembly Restricting qualified rights: prescribed by law, legitimate aims and necessity

Human Rights and English LawHuman rights

Topic overview Public order offences and trespass to land Interception of communications and police powers Defamation and obscenity Breach of confidence and harassment

Enforcement of Human Rights LawHuman rights

Topic overview The role of the domestic courts Judicial review The European Court of Human Rights

Evaluation in Human RightsHuman rights

Topic overview Evaluating human rights protection in the UK

Rules and Theory of ContractContract

Topic overview The rules and theory of contract

FormationContract

Topic overview Offer and acceptance Consideration, intention to create legal relations and privity

TermsContract

Topic overview Express and implied terms, types of term and exclusion clauses

Vitiating FactorsContract

Topic overview Economic duress Misrepresentation

DischargeContract

Topic overview Discharge by frustration Discharge by performance and breach

Remedies in ContractContract

Topic overview Damages and other contract remedies

Evaluation in ContractContract

Topic overview Evaluating the law of contract

Civil Courts and Other Forms of Dispute Resolution

Employment tribunals and alternative dispute resolution

3 things to know
Component 1

Overview

Recall questions on the jurisdiction, panel and procedure of employment tribunals, on negotiation, mediation, conciliation and arbitration as forms of ADR, and on the advantages and disadvantages of ADR compared with going to court.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Process

How does the outcome of mediation differ from the outcome of arbitration?

Process

Why might the enforceability of ADR outcomes be considered a disadvantage (excluding arbitration)?

Process

What principles does the Arbitration Act 1996 set out?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
How do employment tribunal procedures differ from ordinary court procedures?
Model answer
They are less formal, with relaxed rules of evidence and limited costs awards.
2
Define mediation as a form of ADR.
Model answer
Mediation is where a neutral third party facilitates discussion between the parties to help them reach their own agreement, without imposing a decision.
3
What is the key difference between the role of a mediator and a conciliator?
Model answer
A mediator facilitates without suggesting outcomes, while a conciliator may actively propose solutions.
4
Name four types of disputes that employment tribunals have jurisdiction to hear.
Model answer
Unfair dismissal, discrimination, redundancy payments, and breach of employment contract.
5
Who sits on an employment tribunal panel?
Model answer
An employment judge who may sit alone or with two lay members representing employer and employee interests.
6
What must parties do before bringing a claim to an employment tribunal?
Model answer
They must notify ACAS and participate in early conciliation.

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Civil Courts and Other Forms of Dispute Resolution

Criminal Courts and Lay People

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Access to Justice

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AThe injury to the claimant's rights is small.

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