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OCR A-Level Law H418

Civil Courts and Other Forms of Dispute Resolution

Topic overview Civil courts: jurisdiction, procedure and appeals Employment tribunals and alternative dispute resolution

Criminal Courts and Lay People

Topic overview The criminal process and classification of offences Appeals and appellate courts Sentencing and the powers of the courts Lay magistrates Juries: selection, role and evaluation

Legal Personnel

Topic overview Barristers, solicitors and legal executives The judiciary and its role Separation of powers and judicial independence Evaluating the judiciary and its independence

Access to Justice

Topic overview Government funding of civil and criminal cases Private funding and advice agencies Evaluating access to justice

Rules and Theory of Criminal Law

Topic overview The rules of criminal law Theories of criminal law

General Elements of Criminal Liability

Topic overview Actus reus: acts, omissions and states of affairs Causation in criminal law Conduct and consequence crimes, strict liability and transferred malice

Fatal Offences Against the Person

Topic overview Murder Voluntary manslaughter Involuntary manslaughter Defences and evaluating fatal offences

Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person

Topic overview Common assault and the offence of assault Battery and section 39 Actual bodily harm, wounding and grievous bodily harm Defences and evaluating non-fatal offences

Offences Against Property

Topic overview Theft Robbery Burglary

Mental Capacity Defences

Topic overview Insanity and automatism Intoxication

General Defences

Topic overview Self-defence, duress and necessity Consent as a defence

Preliminary Offences

Topic overview Attempts Impossibility and attempt

Evaluation in Criminal Law

Topic overview Evaluating criminal law

Parliamentary Law Making

Topic overview The legislative process and Green and White Papers Evaluating parliamentary law making

Delegated Legislation

Topic overview Types of delegated legislation Parliamentary and judicial control of delegated legislation Advantages and disadvantages of delegated legislation

Statutory Interpretation

Topic overview Statutory interpretation and intrinsic aids The literal, golden and mischief rules The purposive approach and evaluating statutory interpretation Extrinsic aids and the Human Rights Act 1998

Judicial Precedent

Topic overview The doctrine of precedent The hierarchy of the courts Binding, persuasive and avoiding precedent

Law Reform

Topic overview The Law Commission and law reform Influences on Parliament

European Union Law

Topic overview Institutions of the European Union Sources of European Union law and direct effect The impact of European Union law on English law

Rules and Theory of Tort

Topic overview The rules and theory of tort

Liability in Negligence

Topic overview Duty of care and causation in negligence Breach of duty Economic loss, psychiatric injury and defective products

Occupiers’ Liability

Topic overview Occupiers' liability to visitors and trespassers

Torts Connected to Land

Topic overview Private nuisance Rylands v Fletcher

Vicarious Liability

Topic overview The nature and purpose of vicarious liability Liability for employees and independent contractors

Defences

Topic overview Defences in tort

Remedies in Tort

Topic overview Compensatory damages Other types of damages and mitigation of loss Injunctions

Evaluation in Tort

Topic overview Evaluating negligence and occupiers' liability

Introduction to the Nature of Law

Topic overview Law, rules and the rule of law Civil and criminal law and the development of English law

Law and Morality

Topic overview Law and morals: legal theory, pluralism and the Devlin-Hart debate

Law and Justice

Topic overview The meaning and theories of justice and how far the law achieves it

Law and Society

Topic overview The role of law in society, social control and moral panic Consensus, conflict, labelling and realist theories of law

Rules and Theory of Human RightsHuman rights

Topic overview The rules and theory of human rights

Protection of the Individual’s Human Rights and Freedoms in the UKHuman rights

Topic overview The European Convention and its history The Human Rights Act 1998 and its impact

Key Provisions of the European Convention on Human RightsHuman rights

Topic overview Articles 5 and 6: liberty and a fair trial Articles 8, 10 and 11: private life, expression and assembly Restricting qualified rights: prescribed by law, legitimate aims and necessity

Human Rights and English LawHuman rights

Topic overview Public order offences and trespass to land Interception of communications and police powers Defamation and obscenity Breach of confidence and harassment

Enforcement of Human Rights LawHuman rights

Topic overview The role of the domestic courts Judicial review The European Court of Human Rights

Evaluation in Human RightsHuman rights

Topic overview Evaluating human rights protection in the UK

Rules and Theory of ContractContract

Topic overview The rules and theory of contract

FormationContract

Topic overview Offer and acceptance Consideration, intention to create legal relations and privity

TermsContract

Topic overview Express and implied terms, types of term and exclusion clauses

Vitiating FactorsContract

Topic overview Economic duress Misrepresentation

DischargeContract

Topic overview Discharge by frustration Discharge by performance and breach

Remedies in ContractContract

Topic overview Damages and other contract remedies

Evaluation in ContractContract

Topic overview Evaluating the law of contract

Formation

2 subtopics
9 things to know
Component 4
Component 4 option, sat instead of human rights

What Formation covers

How a binding agreement comes into existence.

Where it is assessed

Component 4

The law of contract, the alternative option for the third paper.

Check the OCR specification ↗

The 2 subtopics

Each one has its own page.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

How does an invitation to treat differ from an offer?

Key term

When does acceptance take effect, generally and under the postal rule?

Evaluation

How can an offer be terminated by revocation or by failure of a condition?

Key term

What is an offer in contract law?

Key term

Give two examples of invitations to treat.

Key term

What is the mirror image rule in contract formation?

Process

How does a collateral contract avoid privity, as in Shanklin Pier v Detel Products (1951)?

Process

How does agency operate as an exception to privity?

Process

What did Simpkins v Pays (1955) decide?

Take Formation further

The same content, four other ways.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is an offer in contract law?
Model answer
A definite promise to be bound on specific terms, capable of acceptance.
2
How does an invitation to treat differ from an offer?
Model answer
An invitation to treat is not an offer but an invitation for others to make offers. It does not demonstrate an intention to be bound upon acceptance.
3
Give two examples of invitations to treat.
Model answer
Goods displayed in a shop window and goods displayed on shop shelves.
4
What is the mirror image rule in contract formation?
Model answer
Acceptance must be unqualified and correspond exactly with the terms of the offer.
5
Can silence constitute valid acceptance of an offer?
Model answer
No, acceptance must be communicated to the offeror, and silence cannot constitute acceptance.
6
When does acceptance by post take effect under the postal rule?
Model answer
Acceptance is effective when the letter is posted, not when it is received by the offeror.

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Civil Courts and Other Forms of Dispute Resolution

Criminal Courts and Lay People

Legal Personnel

Access to Justice

Cram a whole paper in one sitting

Sort every topic into what you know and what you do not, then drill only the weak ones.

The Council of .

EuropeMinistersJustice

Blank Blitz makes facts automatic

Rapid timed gap-fills on the terms and numbers you need to recall without thinking.

AThe injury to the claimant's rights is small.

BThe injury is capable of being estimated in money.

CThe injury can be adequately compensated by a small payment.

Build It gets the exam shape right

Assemble a full-mark answer from its marking points, in the order an examiner wants them.

Royal Assent has not been refused since 1708.

TrueFalse

Test It catches misconceptions

Spot the fault in a statement. The traps are the mistakes students actually make.

721941163128510

Brain Breaks between sessions

Short focus games to reset attention, so the next set lands better than the last.

Formation revision questions

What does Formation cover in OCR A-Level Law?: 2 subtopics: offer and acceptance and consideration, intention to create legal relations and privity. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
How is Formation organised?: By the OCR H418 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.

Every question in Formation, on a schedule.

Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.

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