Key term
CCEA AS-Level Business 3210
Enterprise and Entrepreneurship
The Central Purpose of Business Activity
Forms of Business Ownership
Stakeholder Groups
Markets and Market Forces
Quality Management
Topic overviewWhat is quality?Total quality management, quality assurance and quality control definedThe advantages and disadvantages of TQMThe advantages and disadvantages of quality assurance and quality controlISO 9000 certification and the quality policyQuality control and quality assurance reviewedTQM, control and assurance comparedThe approaches to quality, and the case for and against TQMQuality control and quality assurance weighedISO 9000 certification, and how quality is measuredQuality as a dimension of competitiveness
Productivity and Investment
Organisational Design
Topic overviewHierarchy, span of control, chain of command and delegationCentralised, decentralised, tall, flat and matrix structuresCentralisation versus decentralisation, delayering, and the effects of designCentralisation and decentralisation weighedTall and flat structures weighedOutsourcingCentralisation, structure and outsourcing
Investing in People
Topic overviewSuccession planning, skills audits and the factors behind people investmentThe benefits and drawbacks of investing in peopleMethods of recruitment and selectionTraining and appraisal methodsOnline recruitment and selectionOnline training and appraisalInduction training: content, benefits and drawbacksOn-the-job training: methods, advantages and drawbacksOff-the-job training: methods, advantages and drawbacksContinuing professional developmentChoosing a training methodInternal and external methods of recruitmentInternal versus external recruitment weighedThe stages of selection, and the methods usedPsychometric testing: what it measures and what it missesPsychometric testingThe purpose of appraisal, and its benefits and drawbacksTechnology in the appraisal processOnline recruitment and selection technologyOnline training and appraisal technologyThe benefits and drawbacks of online HR processes
Motivation
Topic overviewTaylor's scientific management and Maslow's hierarchyHerzberg's two-factor theory, and the limits of each theoryTaylor and Maslow reviewedHerzberg's hygiene factors and motivators in detailMonetary and non-monetary methods of motivationLeadership styles, and choosing a method of motivationThe monetary methods of paymentThe monetary methods weighed, and calculating commissionJob design, empowerment, team working and flexible workingRecognition and development, and how non-monetary methods link to theory
Principles of Management and Leadership
Market Size, Share and Growth
The Degree of Competition in a Market
Market Research
The Marketing Mix
Elasticity of Demand
The Product Life Cycle
Market Planning and Strategy
E-Business and E-Commerce
Sources of Finance
Break-Even Analysis
Cash Flow
Cash Flow Forecasts
Budgeting
Motivation
- 10 subtopics
- 30 things to know
- Unit AS 1
What Motivation covers
Motivation is examined in Unit AS 1, Introduction to Business. It covers Taylor's scientific management and Maslow's hierarchy, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and the limits of each theory, Taylor and Maslow reviewed, Herzberg's hygiene factors and motivators in detail, monetary and non-monetary methods of motivation, leadership styles, and choosing a method of motivation, the monetary methods of payment, the monetary methods weighed, and calculating commission, job design, empowerment, team working and flexible working and recognition and development, and how non-monetary methods link to theory.
Where it is assessed
Unit AS 1
Introduction to Business, written examination, 20% of A level.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 10 subtopics
Each one has its own page. CCEA AS Business students sit this topic in the first year.
- Taylor's scientific management and Maslow's hierarchyWhat Taylor proposed about organising work, timing tasks and paying by piece, and the five levels of Maslow's hierarchy from physiological needs upward.Open →
- Herzberg's two-factor theory, and the limits of each theoryMotivators in Herzberg's theory, three motivator factors from Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory and key strength of Taylor's Scientific Management approach.Open →
- Taylor and Maslow reviewedUltimate aim of Taylor's scientific management approach, social needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and self-actualisation in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Open →
- Herzberg's hygiene factors and motivators in detailThe split between factors that prevent dissatisfaction and factors that motivate, with pay, conditions, policy, supervision and security on one side and achievement and recognition on the other.Open →
- Monetary and non-monetary methods of motivationTime rate as a method of payment, piece rate as a method of employee payment and commission as a method of motivation.Open →
- Leadership styles, and choosing a method of motivationPaternalistic leadership style, laissez-faire leadership style and democratic leadership style.Open →
- The monetary methods of paymentMonetary methods of motivation, wages as a form of employee payment and applied to each unit of output in a piece-rate system.Open →
- The monetary methods weighed, and calculating commissionPotential benefit of piece-rate pay for a business, limitation of salaries as a motivational tool and fringe benefits.Open →
- Job design, empowerment, team working and flexible workingJob enlargement, job rotation as a non-monetary motivation method and how increasing autonomy through empowerment motivates employees.Open →
- Recognition and development, and how non-monetary methods link to theoryRecognition, training and promotion as motivators, which levels of Maslow they reach, how they sit in Herzberg's model, and why they can outlast a pay rise.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What are the safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation levels of Maslow's hierarchy?
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How does a hygiene factor differ from a motivator, and how do working conditions, company policy and supervision behave?
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What does Taylor's theory propose about how work should be organised?
Who and when
What method did Taylor advocate for determining the most efficient way to perform tasks?
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In Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, what are hygiene factors?
Who and when
Give three examples of hygiene factors according to Herzberg.
Process
How does Taylor's scientific management propose that work should be organised?
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What distinction does Herzberg's two-factor theory make between the two categories of factors affecting job satisfaction?
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Define time rate as a method of payment.
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What is piece rate as a method of employee payment?
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What characterises an authoritarian leadership style?
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What are monetary methods of motivation?
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Define wages as a form of employee payment.
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What quality concern might arise when using piece-rate pay?
Evaluation
What advantage do salaries offer employees compared to variable pay methods?
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In what way does increasing responsibility through job enrichment affect employee motivation?
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How do growth opportunities provided through job enrichment motivate employees?
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Explain how recognition and praise motivate employees.
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How do training and development opportunities serve as a non-monetary motivator?
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What payment system is central to Taylor's Scientific Management approach?
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What are motivators in Herzberg's theory?
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What payment system does Taylor's scientific management recommend to maximise worker output?
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How do working conditions function as a hygiene factor in Herzberg's theory?
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Define commission as a method of motivation.
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Define paternalistic leadership style.
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Under time-rate pay, what must be recorded to calculate wages?
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How does profit sharing align employee and business interests?
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What is job enlargement, and how does it differ from job enrichment?
Key term
Why do promotion opportunities motivate employees?
Take Motivation further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Piece-rate pay vs Time-rate pay
Piece-rate pay: paying per unit produced, which may reduce quality. Time-rate pay: paying per hour, with no direct link to productivity.
Job enlargement vs Job enrichment
Job enlargement: giving more tasks at the same level. Job enrichment: giving more challenging tasks with responsibility.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What does Taylor's theory propose about how work should be organised?
Model answer
Work should be broken down into simple, specialised, repetitive tasks through division of labour.
- 2
What method did Taylor advocate for determining the most efficient way to perform tasks?
Model answer
Time and motion studies.
- 3
What payment system is central to Taylor's Scientific Management approach?
Model answer
Piece-rate payment systems, where workers are paid per unit of output produced.
- 4
How does Taylor's theory suggest workers should be managed on a day-to-day basis?
Model answer
Through close supervision and control of workers.
- 5
In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what type of needs form the base of the pyramid?
Model answer
Physiological needs (such as food, water, shelter)
- 6
What is the second level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy, above physiological needs?
Model answer
Safety and security needs.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Motivation revision questions
- Is Motivation examined at AS in CCEA Business?
- Yes. It sits in Unit AS 1, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
- What does Motivation cover in CCEA AS-Level Business?
- 10 subtopics: taylor's scientific management and maslow's hierarchy, herzberg's two-factor theory, and the limits of each theory, taylor and maslow reviewed, herzberg's hygiene factors and motivators in detail, monetary and non-monetary methods of motivation, leadership styles, and choosing a method of motivation, the monetary methods of payment, the monetary methods weighed, and calculating commission, job design, empowerment, team working and flexible working and recognition and development, and how non-monetary methods link to theory. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Motivation organised?
- By the CCEA 3210 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Motivation, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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