Key term
CCEA AS-Level Business 3210
Enterprise and Entrepreneurship
The Central Purpose of Business Activity
Forms of Business Ownership
Stakeholder Groups
Markets and Market Forces
Quality Management
Topic overviewWhat is quality?Total quality management, quality assurance and quality control definedThe advantages and disadvantages of TQMThe advantages and disadvantages of quality assurance and quality controlISO 9000 certification and the quality policyQuality control and quality assurance reviewedTQM, control and assurance comparedThe approaches to quality, and the case for and against TQMQuality control and quality assurance weighedISO 9000 certification, and how quality is measuredQuality as a dimension of competitiveness
Productivity and Investment
Organisational Design
Topic overviewHierarchy, span of control, chain of command and delegationCentralised, decentralised, tall, flat and matrix structuresCentralisation versus decentralisation, delayering, and the effects of designCentralisation and decentralisation weighedTall and flat structures weighedOutsourcingCentralisation, structure and outsourcing
Investing in People
Topic overviewSuccession planning, skills audits and the factors behind people investmentThe benefits and drawbacks of investing in peopleMethods of recruitment and selectionTraining and appraisal methodsOnline recruitment and selectionOnline training and appraisalInduction training: content, benefits and drawbacksOn-the-job training: methods, advantages and drawbacksOff-the-job training: methods, advantages and drawbacksContinuing professional developmentChoosing a training methodInternal and external methods of recruitmentInternal versus external recruitment weighedThe stages of selection, and the methods usedPsychometric testing: what it measures and what it missesPsychometric testingThe purpose of appraisal, and its benefits and drawbacksTechnology in the appraisal processOnline recruitment and selection technologyOnline training and appraisal technologyThe benefits and drawbacks of online HR processes
Motivation
Topic overviewTaylor's scientific management and Maslow's hierarchyHerzberg's two-factor theory, and the limits of each theoryTaylor and Maslow reviewedHerzberg's hygiene factors and motivators in detailMonetary and non-monetary methods of motivationLeadership styles, and choosing a method of motivationThe monetary methods of paymentThe monetary methods weighed, and calculating commissionJob design, empowerment, team working and flexible workingRecognition and development, and how non-monetary methods link to theory
Principles of Management and Leadership
Market Size, Share and Growth
The Degree of Competition in a Market
Market Research
The Marketing Mix
Elasticity of Demand
The Product Life Cycle
Market Planning and Strategy
E-Business and E-Commerce
Sources of Finance
Break-Even Analysis
Cash Flow
Cash Flow Forecasts
Budgeting
Principles of Management and Leadership
- 5 subtopics
- 15 things to know
- Unit AS 1
What Principles of Management and Leadership covers
Principles of management and leadership is examined in Unit AS 1, Introduction to Business. It covers the four leadership styles described, how each style affects motivation, management versus leadership, and choosing a style, the styles and their motivational effects reviewed and management, leadership and style selection reviewed.
Where it is assessed
Unit AS 1
Introduction to Business, written examination, 20% of A level.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 5 subtopics
Each one has its own page. CCEA AS Business students sit this topic in the first year.
- The four leadership styles describedWho decides, how instructions travel and what is expected of employees under authoritarian, paternalistic, laissez-faire and democratic leadership.Open →
- How each style affects motivationWhen each leadership style lifts motivation and when it flattens it, and which kind of employee each one suits.Open →
- Management versus leadership, and choosing a styleRole of managers regarding organisational stability, role of leaders regarding organisational change and four factors that determine which leadership style is most appropriate.Open →
- The styles and their motivational effects reviewedPaternalistic leadership style, democratic leadership and key limitation of paternalistic leadership for employees who value autonomy.Open →
- Management, leadership and style selection reviewedDistinction between management and leadership, authoritarian leadership style and paternalistic leadership.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Under paternalistic leadership, who decides, what guides them, and where does authority sit?
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In an authoritarian leadership style, who holds the decision-making power?
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What negative feeling might employees develop under authoritarian leadership?
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For which type of workers might authoritarian leadership be suitable?
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What does management primarily focus on?
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What does leadership primarily focus on?
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Describe the paternalistic leadership style.
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How does a paternalistic leader differ from an authoritarian leader in their approach to employees?
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What is the distinction between management and leadership?
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What role do employees play in decision-making under authoritarian leadership?
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Which type of employees might be frustrated by paternalistic leadership?
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What do managers emphasise in their role?
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Define democratic leadership.
Key term
How does the role of a leader differ from that of a manager in terms of their focus on people?
Take Principles of Management and Leadership further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Management vs Leadership
Management: planning, organising and controlling so existing work runs smoothly. Leadership: setting direction and inspiring people to follow it through change.
Authoritarian leadership vs Democratic leadership
Authoritarian leadership: deciding alone and expecting instructions to be followed. Democratic leadership: consulting employees and weighing their views before deciding.
Paternalistic leadership vs Laissez-faire leadership
Paternalistic leadership: deciding for employees in what is judged their best interest. Laissez-faire leadership: leaving employees free to decide with minimal supervision.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
In an authoritarian leadership style, who holds the decision-making power?
Model answer
The leader retains all decision-making power.
- 2
What role do employees play in decision-making under authoritarian leadership?
Model answer
Employees are not consulted; decisions are made entirely by the leader without employee input.
- 3
How are instructions communicated under authoritarian leadership?
Model answer
Clear directives are given to employees.
- 4
What is expected of employees regarding instructions under authoritarian leadership?
Model answer
Strict compliance is expected; employees are expected to follow instructions without question.
- 5
Under paternalistic leadership, who makes the decisions?
Model answer
The leader makes decisions on behalf of employees.
- 6
What guides a paternalistic leader's decision-making?
Model answer
Decisions are based on what the leader believes is in the best interests of employees' welfare.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Principles of Management and Leadership revision questions
- Is Principles of Management and Leadership examined at AS in CCEA Business?
- Yes. It sits in Unit AS 1, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
- What does Principles of Management and Leadership cover in CCEA AS-Level Business?
- 5 subtopics: the four leadership styles described, how each style affects motivation, management versus leadership, and choosing a style, the styles and their motivational effects reviewed and management, leadership and style selection reviewed. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Principles of Management and Leadership organised?
- By the CCEA 3210 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Principles of Management and Leadership, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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