Retrieval is the output stage of memory. Stored information is located and brought back into conscious awareness when it is needed.

Name the three main forms in which information can be encoded.

Information can be encoded acoustically (by sound), visually (as an image) or semantically (by meaning).

A student repeats a new phone number aloud to herself until she can dial it. Which type of encoding is she using?

The student is using acoustic encoding, because she is holding the number by its sound.

Why does thinking about the meaning of new information help it to be remembered?

Semantic encoding links new information to knowledge already stored. The links give more routes back to the information when it needs to be retrieved.

AQA GCSE Psychology 8182

Memory

Topic overview Processes and types of memory The multi-store model of memory Primacy, recency and Murdock's serial position curve Reconstructive memory, Bartlett and factors affecting accuracy

Perception

Topic overview Sensation, perception and depth cues Gibson's direct theory of perception Visual illusions Gregory's constructivist theory of perception Perceptual set and factors affecting perception

Development

Topic overview Early brain development, nature and nurture Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development Piaget in education, naughty teddy and policeman doll studies Dweck's mindset theory, learning styles and Willingham

Research Methods

Topic overview Hypotheses and variables Sampling methods Experimental designs and types of experiment Interviews, questionnaires, case studies and observations Research procedures, reliability and validity Ethical issues in psychological research Types of data, calculations and averages Correlation, graphs and the normal distribution

Social Influence

Topic overview Conformity and Asch's study Obedience, agency theory and the authoritarian personality Bystander intervention and Piliavin's subway study Crowd and collective behaviour

Language, Thought and Communication

Topic overview Language, thought and the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Animal communication and von Frisch's bee study Non-verbal communication Explaining non-verbal behaviour: Darwin and Yuki

Brain and Neuropsychology

Topic overview The nervous system, fight or flight and the James-Lange theory Neurons, synaptic transmission and Hebb's theory Brain structure, localisation and Penfield's study Brain scanning, Tulving's gold memory study and brain damage

Psychological Problems

Topic overview An introduction to mental health Effects of mental health problems Clinical depression Explaining and treating depression Addiction Treating addiction

Memory

Processes and types of memory

3 things to know
Paper 1

Overview

Encoding, storage and retrieval, acoustic, visual and semantic coding, and episodic, semantic and procedural memory, with recall and recognition.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What is meant by encoding in memory?

Key term

What is storage in memory?

Key term

Define retrieval.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is meant by encoding in memory?
Model answer
Encoding is the input stage of memory. Incoming information from the senses is changed into a form that can be stored.
2
What is storage in memory?
Model answer
Storage is the process of holding information in the memory system over time. Stored information can be kept for seconds or for a lifetime.
3
Define retrieval.
Model answer
Retrieval is the output stage of memory. Stored information is located and brought back into conscious awareness when it is needed.
4
Name the three main forms in which information can be encoded.
Model answer
Information can be encoded acoustically (by sound), visually (as an image) or semantically (by meaning).
5
A student repeats a new phone number aloud to herself until she can dial it. Which type of encoding is she using?
Model answer
The student is using acoustic encoding, because she is holding the number by its sound.
6
Why does thinking about the meaning of new information help it to be remembered?
Model answer
Semantic encoding links new information to knowledge already stored. The links give more routes back to the information when it needs to be retrieved.

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Memory

Perception

Development

Research Methods

Cram a whole paper in one sitting

Sort every topic into what you know and what you do not, then drill only the weak ones.

A sample time and money.

saveswastescosts

Blank Blitz makes facts automatic

Rapid timed gap-fills on the terms and numbers you need to recall without thinking.

AHeart rate and breathing speed up and the pupils dilate.

BDigestion slows and sweating increases.

CThe muscles tense, ready for action.

Build It gets the exam shape right

Assemble a full-mark answer from its marking points, in the order an examiner wants them.

A mean score of 0.4682 is 0.47 to two significant figures.

TrueFalse

Test It catches misconceptions

Spot the fault in a statement. The traps are the mistakes students actually make.

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Brain Breaks between sessions

Short focus games to reset attention, so the next set lands better than the last.

Every question in Memory, on a schedule.

Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.

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