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Development

Stages of development, the brain and IQ tests

  • 3 things to know
  • Component 01

Overview

The pre-natal, childhood, adolescent and adult stages, neurons and synapses, synaptic pruning and myelination, and IQ tests, how their scores are worked out, and their criticisms.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Process

What is the pre-natal stage of development?

Process

Why is the pre-natal stage important for brain development?

Process

What is the childhood stage of development?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    What is the pre-natal stage of development?

    Model answer

    The pre-natal stage runs from conception to birth, a period of about nine months. The brain and nervous system begin to form within the first few weeks.

  2. 2

    Why is the pre-natal stage important for brain development?

    Model answer

    Most of the brain's neurons are produced before birth. Alcohol, drugs or poor nutrition during pregnancy can harm the developing brain.

  3. 3

    What is the childhood stage of development?

    Model answer

    Childhood runs from birth to the start of adolescence, at around 12. The brain forms huge numbers of new synapses in the early years, as language, movement and thinking develop.

  4. 4

    What is adolescence?

    Model answer

    Adolescence is the stage between childhood and adulthood, beginning with puberty at around 10 to 13. Hormonal changes bring physical growth and sexual maturity.

  5. 5

    How does the brain change during adolescence?

    Model answer

    The prefrontal cortex, which controls planning and self-control, is still maturing in adolescence. Emotional areas such as the limbic system mature earlier, which may help explain teenage risk-taking.

  6. 6

    What is adulthood?

    Model answer

    Adulthood is the stage from about 18 onwards, when physical growth is complete. The brain is usually fully mature by the mid-twenties.

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