Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnologyImpact of environmental change
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionThe use of hormones to treat infertilityNegative feedbackPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Topic overviewCommunicable (infectious) diseasesViral diseasesBacterial diseasesFungal and protist diseasesHuman defence systemsVaccinationAntibiotics and painkillersDiscovery and development of drugsProducing monoclonal antibodiesUses of monoclonal antibodiesDetection and identification of plant diseasesPlant defence responses
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesProtein synthesis and complementary base pairingMutations, protein shape and non-coding DNAGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Bioenergetics
Response to exercise
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
Why energy demand rises during exercise, the extra glucose and oxygen delivered, increases in heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume, anaerobic respiration and lactic acid, muscle fatigue, oxygen debt, and how the liver converts lactic acid back into glucose.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Which two substances must be delivered to the muscles in greater amounts when a person starts to exercise?
Key term
Give three changes in the heart and lungs that occur during exercise.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Explain why the body's demand for energy rises during exercise.
Model answer
The muscles contract harder and more often, so they need more energy transferred by respiration.
- 2
Which two substances must be delivered to the muscles in greater amounts when a person starts to exercise?
Model answer
Glucose and oxygen, both carried there in the blood.
- 3
Give three changes in the heart and lungs that occur during exercise.
Model answer
The heart rate increases, the breathing rate increases and the volume of each breath increases.
- 4
Explain why the heart rate increases during exercise.
Model answer
To pump oxygenated blood to the muscles more quickly so they can respire faster.
- 5
Explain why the volume of each breath increases during exercise.
Model answer
So that more oxygen enters the blood and more carbon dioxide is removed with every breath.
- 6
What happens in the muscles when oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough during hard exercise?
Model answer
They begin to respire anaerobically.
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