Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnologyImpact of environmental change
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionThe use of hormones to treat infertilityNegative feedbackPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Topic overviewCommunicable (infectious) diseasesViral diseasesBacterial diseasesFungal and protist diseasesHuman defence systemsVaccinationAntibiotics and painkillersDiscovery and development of drugsProducing monoclonal antibodiesUses of monoclonal antibodiesDetection and identification of plant diseasesPlant defence responses
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesProtein synthesis and complementary base pairingMutations, protein shape and non-coding DNAGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Infection and Response
Detection and identification of plant diseases
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
Signs of plant disease, identifying it with gardening manuals, laboratories and monoclonal antibody kits, viruses, bacteria, fungi and aphids as causes of damage, and nitrate and magnesium ion deficiencies causing stunted growth and chlorosis.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Name two signs of disease that would be seen on the leaves of a plant.
Key term
A gardener finds malformed leaves with small insects on the underside. What two signs of a problem has the gardener seen?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Give seven signs that a plant may be diseased.
Model answer
Stunted growth, spots on the leaves, areas of decay, growths, malformed stems or leaves, discolouration and the presence of pests.
- 2
Name two signs of disease that would be seen on the leaves of a plant.
Model answer
Spots on the leaves and discolouration of the leaves.
- 3
A gardener finds malformed leaves with small insects on the underside. What two signs of a problem has the gardener seen?
Model answer
Malformed leaves and the presence of pests.
- 4
Give three ways in which a plant disease can be identified.
Model answer
By reference to a gardening manual or website, by taking the infected plant to a laboratory to identify the pathogen, and by using a testing kit containing monoclonal antibodies.
- 5
Why might an infected plant be taken to a laboratory?
Model answer
So that the pathogen itself can be identified rather than guessed at from the symptoms.
- 6
Explain how a testing kit containing monoclonal antibodies identifies a plant pathogen.
Model answer
The antibodies bind only to antigens from that pathogen, so a positive result is given only when it is present.
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