Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnologyImpact of environmental change
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionThe use of hormones to treat infertilityNegative feedbackPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Topic overviewCommunicable (infectious) diseasesViral diseasesBacterial diseasesFungal and protist diseasesHuman defence systemsVaccinationAntibiotics and painkillersDiscovery and development of drugsProducing monoclonal antibodiesUses of monoclonal antibodiesDetection and identification of plant diseasesPlant defence responses
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesProtein synthesis and complementary base pairingMutations, protein shape and non-coding DNAGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Infection and Response
Antibiotics and painkillers
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
How antibiotics such as penicillin kill specific bacteria, resistant strains and why they are a concern, why antibiotics do not work on viruses, what painkillers do, why drugs that kill viruses are hard to develop, and refusing antibiotics for viral illness.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Explain why a doctor must choose the right antibiotic for an infection.
Key term
What is meant by a resistant strain of bacteria?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is an antibiotic?
Model answer
A medicine that helps to cure bacterial disease by killing the infective bacteria inside the body.
- 2
Name an antibiotic.
Model answer
Penicillin.
- 3
Explain why a doctor must choose the right antibiotic for an infection.
Model answer
Specific bacteria are killed by specific antibiotics, so the wrong one will not cure the disease.
- 4
What effect has the use of antibiotics had on deaths from infectious bacterial diseases?
Model answer
It has greatly reduced them.
- 5
What is meant by a resistant strain of bacteria?
Model answer
A strain that is not killed by an antibiotic which kills other strains of the same bacterium.
- 6
Explain why the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains is of great concern.
Model answer
Infections caused by them can no longer be cured with that antibiotic, so diseases that were easily treated may again become deadly.
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