Evaluation
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnologyImpact of environmental change
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionThe use of hormones to treat infertilityNegative feedbackPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Topic overviewCommunicable (infectious) diseasesViral diseasesBacterial diseasesFungal and protist diseasesHuman defence systemsVaccinationAntibiotics and painkillersDiscovery and development of drugsProducing monoclonal antibodiesUses of monoclonal antibodiesDetection and identification of plant diseasesPlant defence responses
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesProtein synthesis and complementary base pairingMutations, protein shape and non-coding DNAGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Cell Biology
Therapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plants
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
Using stem cells to treat conditions such as diabetes and paralysis, therapeutic cloning and why its cells are not rejected, the risk of viral infection, ethical and religious objections, and cloning plants from meristem tissue to save rare species and grow identical crops.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
In outline, what does treating a patient with stem cells involve?
Key term
Name two conditions that treatment with stem cells may be able to help.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
In outline, what does treating a patient with stem cells involve?
Model answer
Stem cells are made to differentiate into the type of cell the patient needs, replacing cells that no longer work.
- 2
Name two conditions that treatment with stem cells may be able to help.
Model answer
Diabetes and paralysis.
- 3
Explain how stem cells could help a person with diabetes.
Model answer
They could differentiate into cells that produce insulin, replacing those in the pancreas that no longer work.
- 4
Explain how stem cells could help someone paralysed by a spinal injury.
Model answer
They could differentiate into nerve cells that reconnect the damaged pathway so impulses can pass again.
- 5
What is therapeutic cloning?
Model answer
A process in which an embryo is produced carrying the same genes as the patient.
- 6
Why are stem cells from therapeutic cloning not rejected by the patient?
Model answer
They carry the patient's own genes, so the body does not treat them as foreign.
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