Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnologyImpact of environmental change
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionThe use of hormones to treat infertilityNegative feedbackPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Topic overviewCommunicable (infectious) diseasesViral diseasesBacterial diseasesFungal and protist diseasesHuman defence systemsVaccinationAntibiotics and painkillersDiscovery and development of drugsProducing monoclonal antibodiesUses of monoclonal antibodiesDetection and identification of plant diseasesPlant defence responses
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesProtein synthesis and complementary base pairingMutations, protein shape and non-coding DNAGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Infection and Response
Uses of monoclonal antibodies
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
Monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy tests, measuring hormones and detecting pathogens, locating molecules with fluorescent dyes, delivering drugs to cancer cells, how a test strip works, and their side effects.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
How are monoclonal antibodies used in research to find a particular molecule in a tissue?
Key term
Name three substances a monoclonal antibody can be bound to in order to treat cancer.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Describe three different purposes for which monoclonal antibodies can be used.
Model answer
They are used to diagnose conditions such as pregnancy, to measure chemicals or detect pathogens in laboratory samples, and to deliver a treatment directly to cancer cells.
- 2
Give one everyday diagnostic use of monoclonal antibodies.
Model answer
They are used in pregnancy tests.
- 3
What do the monoclonal antibodies in a pregnancy test bind to?
Model answer
The hormone that is present in the urine of a pregnant woman.
- 4
How are monoclonal antibodies used in a laboratory to analyse a blood sample?
Model answer
They are used to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in the blood, or to detect pathogens.
- 5
How are monoclonal antibodies used in research to find a particular molecule in a tissue?
Model answer
The antibody is bound to a fluorescent dye and binds to that molecule, so its position can be seen.
- 6
Name three substances a monoclonal antibody can be bound to in order to treat cancer.
Model answer
A radioactive substance, a toxic drug, or a chemical that stops cells growing and dividing.
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