Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnologyImpact of environmental change
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionThe use of hormones to treat infertilityNegative feedbackPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Topic overviewCommunicable (infectious) diseasesViral diseasesBacterial diseasesFungal and protist diseasesHuman defence systemsVaccinationAntibiotics and painkillersDiscovery and development of drugsProducing monoclonal antibodiesUses of monoclonal antibodiesDetection and identification of plant diseasesPlant defence responses
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesProtein synthesis and complementary base pairingMutations, protein shape and non-coding DNAGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Homeostasis and Response
The kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failure
- 3 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
How the kidneys balance water and change urine volume, filtration and selective reabsorption, interpreting protein, urea and glucose data, how ADH from the pituitary gland controls water reabsorption, and dialysis and kidney transplants for kidney failure.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Explain why only a small volume of concentrated urine is produced on a hot day when little is drunk.
Process
Name the two processes by which the kidneys produce urine.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is the role of the kidneys in the water balance of the body?
Model answer
They adjust how much water is lost in the urine so that the water content of the body stays steady.
- 2
What is the urine like after a person drinks a large volume of water?
Model answer
A large volume of very dilute urine is produced.
- 3
Explain why only a small volume of concentrated urine is produced on a hot day when little is drunk.
Model answer
Water is being lost in sweat, so the kidneys return more water to the blood and less is lost in the urine.
- 4
Name the two processes by which the kidneys produce urine.
Model answer
Filtration of the blood, followed by selective reabsorption.
- 5
Name three useful substances that the kidneys reabsorb back into the blood.
Model answer
Glucose, some ions and water.
- 6
Why is the reabsorption carried out by the kidney described as selective?
Model answer
Only the substances the body needs are taken back into the blood, while waste such as urea is left to be excreted.
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