Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnologyImpact of environmental change
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionThe use of hormones to treat infertilityNegative feedbackPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Topic overviewCommunicable (infectious) diseasesViral diseasesBacterial diseasesFungal and protist diseasesHuman defence systemsVaccinationAntibiotics and painkillersDiscovery and development of drugsProducing monoclonal antibodiesUses of monoclonal antibodiesDetection and identification of plant diseasesPlant defence responses
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesProtein synthesis and complementary base pairingMutations, protein shape and non-coding DNAGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Ecology
Maintaining biodiversity
- 2 things to know
- Paper 2
Overview
Breeding programmes, habitat protection, field margins and hedgerows, recycling and cutting deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions, negative and positive human interactions with ecosystems, and the conflicts that conservation programmes can cause.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What is a breeding programme for an endangered species?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Name five programmes used to help maintain biodiversity.
Model answer
Breeding programmes for endangered species, protection and regeneration of rare habitats, reintroduction of field margins and hedgerows, reduction of deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions, and recycling resources rather than using landfill.
- 2
What is a breeding programme for an endangered species?
Model answer
Animals of that species are bred in captivity to increase their numbers so that some can be released into the wild.
- 3
How does protecting and regenerating a rare habitat help biodiversity?
Model answer
Species that can live only in that habitat keep their food and shelter, so they are not lost.
- 4
What is a field margin, and how does it help biodiversity?
Model answer
A strip at the edge of a field left uncultivated, which provides a habitat for wild plants and animals on farmland.
- 5
Explain why hedgerows are valuable on a farm that grows only one type of crop.
Model answer
They provide food, shelter and nesting sites for many species that the crop itself cannot support.
- 6
How does recycling resources rather than dumping them in landfill help protect biodiversity?
Model answer
Less land is buried under waste and less pollution is released, so fewer habitats are destroyed.
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