Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnologyImpact of environmental change
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionThe use of hormones to treat infertilityNegative feedbackPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Topic overviewCommunicable (infectious) diseasesViral diseasesBacterial diseasesFungal and protist diseasesHuman defence systemsVaccinationAntibiotics and painkillersDiscovery and development of drugsProducing monoclonal antibodiesUses of monoclonal antibodiesDetection and identification of plant diseasesPlant defence responses
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesProtein synthesis and complementary base pairingMutations, protein shape and non-coding DNAGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Organisation
Bile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylase
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
Uses of the products of digestion, bile from the liver neutralising acid and emulsifying fat, food tests for lipid, sugars, starch and protein, and the effect of pH on amylase by continuous sampling with iodine, random error, testing hypotheses against data, and hazards in the ethanol, Benedict's and Biuret tests.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Describe how you would test a food sample for lipid.
Key term
Which reagent is used to test for sugars, and how is the test carried out?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What happens to the products of digestion after they have been absorbed into the body?
Model answer
They are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
- 2
Which product of digestion is used in respiration?
Model answer
Glucose.
- 3
Where is bile made and where is it stored?
Model answer
It is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
- 4
Why is it important that bile is alkaline?
Model answer
It neutralises the hydrochloric acid coming from the stomach, giving the enzymes of the small intestine the pH they need.
- 5
What does it mean to say that bile emulsifies fat?
Model answer
It breaks large drops of fat into many tiny droplets.
- 6
Explain how emulsification speeds up the digestion of fat.
Model answer
It increases the surface area of the fat, so lipase can act on more of it at once.
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