Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnologyImpact of environmental change
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionThe use of hormones to treat infertilityNegative feedbackPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Topic overviewCommunicable (infectious) diseasesViral diseasesBacterial diseasesFungal and protist diseasesHuman defence systemsVaccinationAntibiotics and painkillersDiscovery and development of drugsProducing monoclonal antibodiesUses of monoclonal antibodiesDetection and identification of plant diseasesPlant defence responses
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesProtein synthesis and complementary base pairingMutations, protein shape and non-coding DNAGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Bioenergetics
The equations for respiration, and fermentation
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
The word equation and formulae for aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration in muscle producing lactic acid and why it transfers less energy, anaerobic respiration in yeast and plant cells producing ethanol and carbon dioxide, and fermentation in bread and alcoholic drinks.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
State the word equation for aerobic respiration.
Key term
Name the two reactants used up in aerobic respiration.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
State the word equation for aerobic respiration.
Model answer
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
- 2
Name the two reactants used up in aerobic respiration.
Model answer
Glucose and oxygen.
- 3
Name the two waste products of aerobic respiration.
Model answer
Carbon dioxide and water.
- 4
Give the chemical formulae of the four substances in the aerobic respiration equation.
Model answer
C₆H₁₂O₆, O₂, CO₂ and H₂O.
- 5
State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells.
Model answer
Glucose → lactic acid.
- 6
Explain why there is no oxygen on the left-hand side of the equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle.
Model answer
Because anaerobic respiration transfers energy from glucose without using any oxygen.
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