Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnologyImpact of environmental change
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionThe use of hormones to treat infertilityNegative feedbackPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Topic overviewCommunicable (infectious) diseasesViral diseasesBacterial diseasesFungal and protist diseasesHuman defence systemsVaccinationAntibiotics and painkillersDiscovery and development of drugsProducing monoclonal antibodiesUses of monoclonal antibodiesDetection and identification of plant diseasesPlant defence responses
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesProtein synthesis and complementary base pairingMutations, protein shape and non-coding DNAGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Cell Biology
Chromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycle
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
Chromosomes, genes and why body cells hold them in pairs, the stages of the cell cycle from growth and DNA replication through mitosis to division of the cytoplasm, and why mitosis produces identical cells for growth, development and repair.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
What is carried along the length of each chromosome?
Process
What is the name of the series of stages in which a cell divides?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What structures in the nucleus carry the genetic information of a cell?
Model answer
Chromosomes, which are made of DNA molecules.
- 2
What is carried along the length of each chromosome?
Model answer
A large number of genes.
- 3
How are chromosomes normally arranged in a body cell?
Model answer
In pairs.
- 4
Why does a body cell contain two copies of each gene?
Model answer
Its chromosomes are in matching pairs, so each gene appears once on each chromosome of the pair.
- 5
What is the name of the series of stages in which a cell divides?
Model answer
The cell cycle.
- 6
Describe the order of events in the cell cycle.
Model answer
The cell grows and copies its DNA, then the nucleus divides by mitosis, and finally the cytoplasm and membranes divide.
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