Key term
AQA GCSE Biology 8461
Bioenergetics
Cell Biology
Topic overviewEukaryotes and prokaryotesAnimal and plant cellsCell specialisation and differentiationMicroscopyGrowing bacteria and aseptic techniqueCalculating bacterial growth, and testing antiseptics and antibioticsChromosomes, mitosis and the cell cycleStem cells in embryos, adults and meristemsTherapeutic cloning, its risks, and cloning plantsDiffusion and the factors affecting its rateSurface area to volume ratio and exchange surfacesOsmosisActive transport
Ecology
Topic overviewLevels of organisation in an ecosystem, and what organisms needCompetition, interdependence and stable communitiesAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsAdaptationsProducers, food chains and sampling with quadrats and transectsPredators, prey and measuring population sizeHow materials are cycledDecompositionWaste management and biodiversityLand use, deforestation and global warmingMaintaining biodiversityTrophic levels and pyramids of biomassTransfer of biomassFactors affecting food securityFarming techniques and sustainable fisheriesRole of biotechnologyImpact of environmental change
Homeostasis and Response
Topic overviewHomeostasisThe nervous system and the reflex arcThe structure of the eye and accommodationMyopia, hyperopia and how they are correctedThe brain and the control of body temperatureHuman endocrine systemInsulin, glucagon and diabetesWater and ion loss, and the production of ureaThe kidneys, ADH and treating kidney failureHormones in human reproductionContraceptionThe use of hormones to treat infertilityNegative feedbackPlant hormones and their uses
Infection and Response
Topic overviewCommunicable (infectious) diseasesViral diseasesBacterial diseasesFungal and protist diseasesHuman defence systemsVaccinationAntibiotics and painkillersDiscovery and development of drugsProducing monoclonal antibodiesUses of monoclonal antibodiesDetection and identification of plant diseasesPlant defence responses
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Topic overviewSexual and asexual reproductionMeiosisAdvantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproductionDNA and the genomeDNA as a polymer of four nucleotidesProtein synthesis and complementary base pairingMutations, protein shape and non-coding DNAGenetic terms, dominant and recessive allelesPunnett squares, probability and genetic crossesInherited disorders and sex determinationVariationEvolutionSelective breedingWhat genetic engineering is, and what it is used forGM crops, their risks, and the steps of the processCloningDarwin, Lamarck and the acceptance of evolutionSpeciationThe understanding of geneticsEvidence for evolution, and extinctionFossilsResistant bacteriaClassification of living organisms
Organisation
Topic overviewLevels of organisation, and how enzymes workAmylase, proteases and lipasesBile, food tests and the effect of pH on amylaseThe heart, the lungs and double circulationThe pacemaker, the blood vessels and the bloodCoronary heart disease: a non-communicable diseaseHealth issuesRisk factors and causal mechanisms in diseaseSampling, correlation and interpreting risk dataCancerPlant tissues, and transpiration and its rateRoot hair cells, xylem, phloem and stomata
Cell Biology
Cell specialisation and differentiation
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
How ciliated, sperm, nerve, muscle, root hair, xylem and phloem cells suit their jobs, why differentiation matters, and when animal and plant cells differentiate.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Explain why a cell that must move itself long distances contains many mitochondria.
Key term
How does the ability of plant cells to differentiate differ from that of animal cells?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
A cell lining the airways is covered in tiny hair-like projections. Explain how this suits its function.
Model answer
The projections sweep mucus, with trapped dust and microorganisms, away from the lungs.
- 2
Explain why a cell that must move itself long distances contains many mitochondria.
Model answer
Movement needs a lot of energy, which is transferred by respiration in the mitochondria.
- 3
How is a sperm cell adapted to its function?
Model answer
It has a tail to swim to the egg, many mitochondria to release the energy for swimming, and enzymes in its head to digest through the egg membrane.
- 4
How is a nerve cell adapted to its function?
Model answer
It is very long so impulses travel a long way, and it has branched endings that connect to many other cells.
- 5
How is a muscle cell adapted to its function?
Model answer
It contains protein fibres that shorten so the cell contracts, and many mitochondria to supply the energy.
- 6
How is a root hair cell adapted to its function?
Model answer
It has a long thin extension giving a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil.
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