Relations Between Greek States and Non-Greek States, 492–404 BC

What Relations Between Greek States and Non-Greek States, 492–404 BC covers

Relations Between Greek States and Non-Greek States, 492–404 BC is examined in Component Group 1, Greek period study and Greek depth study. It covers Mardonius' expedition and the Persian demand for submission, 492–491 BC, the Battle of Marathon, 490 BC, Persian aims and the preparations of both sides in the 480s BC, the Hellenic League and the divided response of the Greek states, Thermopylae, Artemisium and the debate before Salamis, Plataea, Mycale and the Greek alliance of 479 BC, explaining the Greek victory over Persia, the consequences of victory and the founding of the Delian League, 479–477 BC, the growth of Athenian power in the Delian League, the earthquake, the helot revolt and the break with Sparta, 465–461 BC, the First Peloponnesian War, 461–446 BC, the Egyptian expedition and the end of the Persian war, 460–449 BC, the Thirty Years' Peace and the revolt of Samos, 446–439 BC, Corcyra, Potidaea and the outbreak of war in 431 BC, the causes of the Peloponnesian War, strategy, the invasions of Attica and the plague at Athens, Pylos, Sphacteria and Brasidas in Thrace, Divisions over peace and the Peace of Nicias, 422–421 BC, the alliance with Argos and the Battle of Mantinea, 418 BC, the Sicilian Expedition and the occupation of Decelea, 415–413 BC, Persia and the defeat of Athens, 412–404 BC and explaining Athenian defeat in the Peloponnesian War.

The 22 subtopics

Each one has its own page.

• Mardonius' expedition and the Persian demand for submission, 492–491 BCRecall questions on Darius' reasons for punishing Athens and Eretria, the aims and abrupt end of the 492 campaign, democracies in Ionia, the heralds of 491, and Aegina's submission.Open →
• The Battle of Marathon, 490 BCRecall questions on Datis and Artaphernes' route across the Aegean, the treatment of Delos and Eretria, Hippias and the landing at Marathon, the Spartan delay and Plataea's help, Miltiades and Callimachus, the thinned Athenian centre, Herodotus' casualty figures, and why the victory mattered.Open →
• Persian aims and the preparations of both sides in the 480s BCRecall questions on why the invasion was delayed after Marathon, Xerxes' aims and the advice of Mardonius and Artabanus, the Athos canal and Hellespont bridges, doubts over Herodotus' numbers, the Laurium silver and Themistocles' fleet, ostracism, the wooden wall oracle, and the royal inscriptions of Darius I at Naqsh-e Rustam and Xerxes at Persepolis.Open →
• The Hellenic League and the divided response of the Greek statesRecall questions on the congress at the Isthmus in 481 BC and its oath, Spartan command, the meaning of medism, the answers of Gelon, Argos and Corcyra, the withdrawal from Tempe and the loss of Thessaly, and why Thebes medised while Plataea and Thespiae held out.Open →
• Thermopylae, Artemisium and the debate before SalamisRecall questions on why the Greeks held Thermopylae, Leonidas and the three hundred, the mountain track that turned the pass, the fleet at Artemisium and the storms, the evacuation of Athens, the Peloponnesian wish to fall back to the Isthmus, Themistocles' arguments and message to Xerxes, and the Persian disadvantage in the straits.Open →
• Plataea, Mycale and the Greek alliance of 479 BCRecall questions on the offer Athens refused, the second evacuation, the night manoeuvre that went wrong, the treatment of Thebes, the victory monument, and Mycale's effect on Ionia.Open →
• Explaining the Greek victory over PersiaRecall questions on geography and Persian supply failures, the hoplite's advantage, how far unity mattered, the case for Sparta rather than Athens, and the handling of Herodotus and Thucydides.Open →
• The consequences of victory and the founding of the Delian League, 479–477 BCRecall questions on Themistocles and the rebuilding of the walls, the fortification of the Piraeus, the fall of Pausanias, why the Ionians turned to Athens and Sparta let the command go, the purpose of the Delian League, Aristeides' assessment, the Hellenotamiae and the treasury on Delos, and the evidence of Plutarch, Diodorus and Thucydides.Open →
• The growth of Athenian power in the Delian LeagueRecall questions on Eion, Scyros and Carystus, the revolts of Naxos and Thasos, the Eurymedon victory, how tribute weakened the allies, hegemony and empire, the move of the treasury to Athens in 454 BC, other means of control, Cimon's policy towards Sparta, and the evidence of Plutarch and Aristotle's Politics.Open →
• The earthquake, the helot revolt and the break with Sparta, 465–461 BCRecall questions on the secret promise to Thasos, why a helot rising endangered Sparta, the appeal to Athens, the dismissal at Ithome, and the settling of the rebels at Naupactus.Open →
• The First Peloponnesian War, 461–446 BCRecall questions on Megara's change of side and Corinth's alarm, the war with Aegina, Tanagra and its aftermath, the Long Walls, the loss of Boeotia, and the crisis of 446.Open →
• The Egyptian expedition and the end of the Persian war, 460–449 BCRecall questions on Athens' motives in Egypt, the disaster of 454 and its effect on League finances, the disputed terms of 449, and the justification for continuing to collect tribute.Open →
• The Thirty Years' Peace and the revolt of Samos, 446–439 BCRecall questions on what Athens and Sparta each conceded in 446–445 BC, the clauses on neutrals and arbitration, the quarrel over Priene and Pericles' siege of Samos, the terms of 439 BC, the Peloponnesian vote Corinth later recalled, and the oaths and disputed date of the Chalkis decree.Open →
• Corcyra, Potidaea and the outbreak of war in 431 BCRecall questions on the quarrel over Epidamnus, Corcyra's victory at Leucimme and appeal to Athens, the defensive alliance and the battle of Sybota, the demands on Potidaea and its costly siege, the Megarian Decree, King Archidamus' advice, and Sparta's final demands and Pericles' reply.Open →
• The causes of the Peloponnesian WarRecall questions on Thucydides' truest cause and the grievances, Thucydides himself, the arguments for and against inevitability, the roles of Corinth, Pericles and Sparta's allies, Aristophanes and Plutarch as sources, weaknesses in the Thirty Years' Peace, and the Spartan vote of 432 BC.Open →
• Strategy, the invasions of Attica and the plague at AthensRecall questions on Pericles' strategy and the resources behind it, the Spartan plan of annual invasions and why it failed, the ravaging of Acharnae, life crowded inside the walls, Aristophanes as a witness to the war in the countryside, and the origin, spread and consequences of the plague of 430 BC.Open →
• Pylos, Sphacteria and Brasidas in ThraceRecall questions on Demosthenes' fort at Pylos, the Spartans trapped on Sphacteria and the peace Cleon rejected, the surrender and use of the prisoners, Brasidas' helot army and promise of freedom in Thrace, the loss of Amphipolis, Delium, the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas, and the Thoudippos decree reassessing the tribute.Open →
• Divisions over peace and the Peace of Nicias, 422–421 BCRecall questions on why Sparta and Athens wanted peace by 421 BC, the division between Cleon and Nicias, the fifty-year term and main clauses, the allies who refused to swear, the failure over Amphipolis and Pylos, the Athenian–Spartan alliance, and Aristophanes' Peace as evidence.Open →
• The alliance with Argos and the Battle of Mantinea, 418 BCRecall questions on why Argos mattered after 421, the states that joined against Sparta in 420, Spartan weakness under the Peace of Nicias, the battle's outcome, and what Argos lost.Open →
• The Sicilian Expedition and the occupation of Decelea, 415–413 BCRecall questions on Egesta's appeal and Athenian aims in Sicily, Nicias' advice, the joint command of Nicias, Alcibiades and Lamachus, the mutilation of the herms, the recall of Alcibiades, Gylippus at Syracuse, the eclipse and the final disaster, and the occupation of Decelea.Open →
• Persia and the defeat of Athens, 412–404 BCRecall questions on the allied revolts after Sicily, Sparta's bargain with Persia, Tissaphernes and Alcibiades, how Athens fought on and why the Hellespont mattered, Cyrus and Lysander, Aegospotami and the surrender terms of 404 BC, Xenophon's Hellenica on Cyrus and Callicratidas, and Andokides On the Peace.Open →
• Explaining Athenian defeat in the Peloponnesian WarRecall questions on the Sicilian Expedition in conception and execution, Persian money, the occupation of Decelea, the plague and the loss of Alcibiades, and the peace offers Athens refused.Open →

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Take Relations Between Greek States and Non-Greek States, 492–404 BC further

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Commonly confused

Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.

• Hellenic League vs Delian League

  Hellenic League: the alliance sworn at the Isthmus of Corinth in 481 BC to resist Xerxes, with Sparta given the command both on land and at sea. Delian League: The alliance founded in 478–477 BC under Athenian leadership to carry on the war against Persia, whose contributions became the revenue of an Athenian empire.

• Thirty Years' Peace vs Peace of Nicias

  Thirty Years' Peace: the treaty agreed in the winter of 446–445 BC that ended the first war between Athens and Sparta, split Greece into two blocs each keeping its own allies, and held until 431 BC. Peace of Nicias: The treaty of 421 BC, sworn to last half a century on the principle that each side give back what it had taken during the war, which neither side ever carried out in full.

• Artaphernes vs Artabanus

  Artaphernes: a nephew of Darius who commanded the Persian expedition against Greece in 490 BC alongside Datis the Mede. Artabanus: The uncle of Xerxes who warned him of the dangers of crossing into Europe when the invasion of Greece was debated.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1. 1

   Why did Darius I regard Athens and Eretria as states that had to be punished?

   Model answer

   Both had sent ships to help the Ionian Revolt, and the Greek force involved had burnt the Persian regional capital at Sardis in 498 BC.

2. 2

   Who commanded the Persian expedition sent into Europe in 492 BC?

   Model answer

   Mardonius, son of Gobryas and a son-in-law of Darius, commanded it.

3. 3

   State the aims of the expedition Mardonius led into Europe in 492 BC.

   Model answer

   It was meant to restore Persian control over Thrace, bring Macedon firmly under Persian authority, and secure a land route for a later advance into Greece.

4. 4

   What brought Mardonius' campaign of 492 BC to an early end?

   Model answer

   His fleet was wrecked in a storm rounding the headland of Mount Athos and he was himself wounded in a night attack by a Thracian people, so he withdrew to Asia.

5. 5

   What political change does Herodotus say Mardonius made in the Ionian cities in 492 BC?

   Model answer

   Herodotus says he removed the Greek tyrants who ruled them and set up democracies in their place.

6. 6

   Explain why Herodotus' report that Mardonius installed democracies in Ionia is striking.

   Model answer

   It suggests Persia was prepared to change how a subject city was governed in order to keep it quiet, rather than always ruling through a friendly tyrant.

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Relations Between Greek States and Non-Greek States, 492–404 BC revision questions

What does Relations Between Greek States and Non-Greek States, 492–404 BC cover in OCR A-Level Ancient History?

22 subtopics: mardonius' expedition and the persian demand for submission, 492–491 bc, the battle of marathon, 490 bc, persian aims and the preparations of both sides in the 480s bc, the hellenic league and the divided response of the greek states, thermopylae, artemisium and the debate before salamis, plataea, mycale and the greek alliance of 479 bc, explaining the greek victory over persia, the consequences of victory and the founding of the delian league, 479–477 bc, the growth of athenian power in the delian league, the earthquake, the helot revolt and the break with sparta, 465–461 bc, the first peloponnesian war, 461–446 bc, the egyptian expedition and the end of the persian war, 460–449 bc, the thirty years' peace and the revolt of samos, 446–439 bc, corcyra, potidaea and the outbreak of war in 431 bc, the causes of the peloponnesian war, strategy, the invasions of attica and the plague at athens, pylos, sphacteria and brasidas in thrace, divisions over peace and the peace of nicias, 422–421 bc, the alliance with argos and the battle of mantinea, 418 bc, the sicilian expedition and the occupation of decelea, 415–413 bc, persia and the defeat of athens, 412–404 bc and explaining athenian defeat in the peloponnesian war. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.

How is Relations Between Greek States and Non-Greek States, 492–404 BC organised?

By the OCR H407 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.