Key term
OCR A-Level Ancient History H407
Relations Between Greek States and Non-Greek States, 492–404 BC
Topic overviewMardonius' expedition and the Persian demand for submission, 492–491 BCThe Battle of Marathon, 490 BCPersian aims and the preparations of both sides in the 480s BCThe Hellenic League and the divided response of the Greek statesThermopylae, Artemisium and the debate before SalamisPlataea, Mycale and the Greek alliance of 479 BCExplaining the Greek victory over PersiaThe consequences of victory and the founding of the Delian League, 479–477 BCThe growth of Athenian power in the Delian LeagueThe earthquake, the helot revolt and the break with Sparta, 465–461 BCThe First Peloponnesian War, 461–446 BCThe Egyptian expedition and the end of the Persian war, 460–449 BCThe Thirty Years' Peace and the revolt of Samos, 446–439 BCCorcyra, Potidaea and the outbreak of war in 431 BCThe causes of the Peloponnesian WarStrategy, the invasions of Attica and the plague at AthensPylos, Sphacteria and Brasidas in ThraceDivisions over peace and the Peace of Nicias, 422–421 BCThe alliance with Argos and the Battle of Mantinea, 418 BCThe Sicilian Expedition and the occupation of Decelea, 415–413 BCPersia and the defeat of Athens, 412–404 BCExplaining Athenian defeat in the Peloponnesian War
The Society and Politics of Sparta, 478–404 BC
Topic overviewThe agoge and the upbringing of Spartan boys and menThe education of Spartan girlsThe values the agoge was intended to instilSpartiates, perioikoi and helotsHelot revolts, the krypteia and the fear of the helotsThe status and role of Spartan womenThe Spartan kings and the gerousiaThe ephors and the Spartan assemblyGreat debates and influential individuals in Spartan politicsThe organisation of the Spartan army and who fought in itSpartan successes and failures on land, 465–418 BCThe Spartan navy and the commanders of the later warCorinthian and Athenian views of SpartaThe Peloponnesian League and the limits of Spartan actionOliganthropia, the decline of values and the Spartan mirage
The Culture and Politics of Athens, c.460–c.399 BC
Topic overviewDemocracy and oligarchy, and the critics of the Athenian systemThe ecclesia, the boule and the officials of the democracyOstracism and the popular lawcourtsAthens as leader of an empire and her treatment of the alliesLeadership in fifth-century Athens: Pericles, Cleon, Nicias and AlcibiadesCitizens, metics, slaves and women in Athenian societyThe Sophists and the teaching of rhetoricThe Sophists' view of Athenian society and its valuesSocrates: his method, his critique of democracy and his trialThe Persian Wars, Delian League funds and the origins of the building programmeThe buildings of the Acropolis and the AgoraAcropolis sculpture and the sanctuaries of AtticaThe City Dionysia, the Lenaea and the organisation of dramatic festivalsTragedy and comedy as genresAristophanes, Old Comedy and contemporary AthensAthenian attitudes to religion and the changing relationship with the godsThe festivals of the Athenian religious yearThe Panathenaea, Athena and Poseidon on the Acropolis
The Rise of Macedon, c.359–323 BC
Topic overviewPhilip's accession and the securing of Macedon, 359–357 BCThe reform of the Macedonian army and its siege technologyPhilip's court, his patronage and his marriagesThe expansion of Macedon and the organisation of the new territoriesThessaly, the Third Sacred War and Philip's place in Greek institutionsThe Peace of Philocrates and the prospect of a common peaceThrace, Perinthus and ByzantiumChaeronea, the League of Corinth and the hegemonyAlexander's accession and the reassertion of control over GreeceThe crossing to Asia: Troy, the Granicus and HalicarnassusGordium, Issus and the conquest of the Levant and EgyptGaugamela and the occupations of Babylon and PersepolisThe pursuit of Darius, the fall of Bessus and the war in Bactria and SogdianaConspiracy and opposition: Philotas, Cleitus and CallisthenesAlexander's foundation cities and their roleThe Indus valley campaign and the rulers of the PunjabThe mutiny at the Hyphasis, the Mallians and the crossing of the Gedrosian DesertThe return from the east: the purges, the marriages at Susa and the mutiny at OpisThe Exiles' Decree, the death of Hephaestion and the last months at BabylonThe aims of Philip and Alexander: continuity and changePhilip's character: diplomacy, warfare and the treatment of the defeatedAlexander's character, the gods and his own divinityPhilip, Alexander and the Greek statesAlexander, his army and his CompanionsAlexander and the Persians: Darius' family, the satraps and the EpigonoiThe ancient sources for Philip and Alexander and their reliability
The Julio-Claudian Emperors, 31 BC–AD 68
Topic overviewActium and the presentation of Augustus' victoryThe constitutional settlements of 27 BC and 23 BCThe Res Gestae and the debate over the restored RepublicAugustus' military achievements and the frontiers of the empireThe administration of Rome and the provinces under AugustusReligion, moral revival and the Imperial Cult under AugustusThe image of Augustus in poetry, coinage and the building programmeThe imperial family, conspiracies and the successionTiberius and the views of the classical authorsTiberius, Germanicus and SejanusMutinies, revolts and the treason trials under TiberiusTiberius, religion and the government of RomeThe presentation of Gaius' character by the ancient sourcesGaius, religion and the Imperial CultGaius' rule in Rome and the assassination of AD 41The accession of Claudius in AD 41The invasion of Britain in AD 43Claudius' wives, freedmen and the government of RomeNero, Britannicus and the death of ClaudiusThe presentation of Nero's character by the ancient sourcesNero's early reign and the changing role of AgrippinaNero's wives and the imperial householdThe Great Fire of AD 64 and the Pisonian conspiracyNero, religion and the government of RomeCorbulo, the revolt of Vindex and the fall of Nero
The Breakdown of the Late Republic, 88–31 BC
Topic overviewThe Senate, its membership and the force of senatus consultaThe popular assemblies and the making of lawThe magistracies, the cursus honorum and the electoral processThe tribunes of the plebs and their power in the stateThe courts, the quaestiones perpetuae and the politics of prosecutionThe Gracchi, Marius and the origins of the crisis of 88 BCSulla's dictatorship and the Sullan reformsThe undoing of Sulla's settlement in the 70s BCSpartacus, Crassus and the consulship of 70 BCThe Catilinarian Conspiracy of 63 BCThe First Triumvirate and Caesar's consulship of 59 BCPolitical breakdown and disorder in the 50s BCThe causes of the Civil War of 49 BCCaesar's dictatorship and social changeThe assassination of Caesar and the Ides of MarchAntony against the Senate and the Second TriumvirateOctavian's victories in Italy, at Actium and in EgyptPatronage, clientela and the politics of factionOratory, political marriage and scandal in public lifeLand bills, largesse and the buying of popular supportBribery, corruption, intimidation and violence in Roman politicsMilitary commands, veteran loyalty and the threat of forceThe senatorial and equestrian orders and the publicaniThe rural poor, migration to Rome and the changing urban plebsThe roles of Sulla, Lepidus, Crassus and PompeyThe roles of Cicero, Cato, Catiline and ClodiusThe roles of Caesar, Brutus and Cassius, Antony and OctavianThe ancient sources for the Late Republic and their reliability
The Flavians, AD 68–96
Topic overviewThe fall of Nero and the failure of GalbaOtho, Vitellius and the civil wars of AD 69Vespasian's bid for power and the men who backed himLegitimising the accession: army, Senate, people and the godsVespasian's settlement on his accession and the powers of the princepsThe treasury, taxation and the recovery of the stateThe Flavian family, its supporters and the dynastic successionDomitian and the transformation of the princeps' powerVespasian's reign, his character and his dealings with the SenateThe principate of Titus, AD 79–81Domitian in Rome: government, opposition and the terrorThe Flavians and the empire: Britain, Germany, the Danube and the EastPropaganda and the legitimation of the dynastyThe Flavian building programme in RomeTriumphs, games and festivals as imperial spectacleLiterature, art and the image of the princepsTraditional Roman religion and the emperors' place in itForeign cults and the alternatives to traditional religionThe imperial cult and the deification of the Flavians
Ruling Roman Britain, AD 43–c.128
Topic overviewBritain and Rome before the invasion of AD 43Claudius' reasons for the conquest of BritainThe invasion of AD 43 and the conquest of southern BritainRoman military policy under the governors from Ostorius to FrontinusAgricola's campaigns in Britain, AD 77–83Frontier policy after Agricola and Domitian's retrenchmentTrajan's retrenchment and the Stanegate frontierHadrian's decision to build the WallThe features and functions of Hadrian's WallThe reasons for British resistance and the forms it tookCaratacus and the war against Plautius and OstoriusThe Boudiccan Revolt: causes, course and consequencesVenutius, Cartimandua and unrest in BrigantiaCalgacus and the Roman image of the British leaderThe governor and the procurator in the Roman provinceBritish collaboration with Roman ruleClient rulers: Prasutagus, Cartimandua and CogidubnusThe deployment and role of the Roman army in BritainEconomic exploitation and changes in agricultureRoads, trade and the army's impact on the British economyUrbanisation and the different types of Roman townTown life: public buildings, leisure and economic growthRomanisation, the Romanised elite and Fishbourne Palace
The Culture and Politics of Athens, c.460–c.399 BC
Socrates: his method, his critique of democracy and his trial
- 3 things to know
- Component Group 1
Overview
Recall questions on Socrates' background, the elenchus and aporia, the Delphic oracle, how he differed from the Sophists, his objections to the lot, his stands over Arginusae and Leon of Salamis, Critias and Alcibiades, the charges of 399 BC and the daimonion, his penalty and execution, Xenophon's Memorabilia and Plato, and Aristophanes' Clouds.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
What did Socrates hold to be necessary for good government?
Key term
Why did Socrates' associations damage him after 404 BC?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What was Socrates' background in Athens?
Model answer
He was an Athenian citizen, the son of a stonemason, who served as a hoplite in the war and spent his life questioning his fellow citizens in the public places of the city.
- 2
Define the term elenchus.
Model answer
The elenchus is Socrates' method of cross-examination, in which he draws a definition out of someone and then shows that it contradicts other beliefs they hold.
- 3
What state did Socratic questioning typically leave his companions in, and why did he think it valuable?
Model answer
It left them in aporia, admitting that they did not know what they thought they knew, which he regarded as the necessary first step towards real understanding.
- 4
What did the Delphic oracle reportedly say about Socrates, and how did he interpret it?
Model answer
It said that no one was wiser than Socrates, and he concluded that his wisdom lay only in knowing that he knew nothing.
- 5
Name two ways in which Socrates differed from the Sophists.
Model answer
He took no fees for his conversation and he claimed to teach nothing, since he sought definitions of virtue rather than training men to win arguments.
- 6
Why did Socrates object to filling offices by lot?
Model answer
He argued that nobody would choose a pilot or a doctor by drawing lots, so it was absurd to choose the men who steered the state in that way.
Other ways to work this
The same content, four other ways.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Every question in The Culture and Politics of Athens, c.460–c.399 BC, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
Or £46 a year, about £3.83 a month. Cancel anytime.