Numbers
OCR A-Level Physics A H556
Practical Skills in the Written Papers
The Practical Endorsement
Topic overviewAnalogue and digital measuring instrumentsImproving accuracy with repeat timing, fiducial markers and plumb linesTiming, calipers and micrometersConstructing and testing circuitsSignal generators and oscilloscopesGenerating and measuring wavesData loggers, modelling software and ionising radiation
Physical Quantities and Units
Making Measurements and Analysing Data
Nature of Quantities
Motion
Forces in Action
Work, Energy and Power
Materials
Newton’s Laws of Motion and Momentum
Charge and Current
Energy, Power and Resistance
Electrical Circuits
Waves
Topic overviewProgressive waves and their propertiesThe wave equationReflection, refraction and diffractionWave graphs and intensityThe electromagnetic spectrumPolarisationRefraction and refractive indexCritical angle and total internal reflectionThe principle of superpositionInterference, coherence and path differenceTwo-source interference, Young's double-slit experiment and the diffraction gratingForming stationary wavesStationary waves on strings and in air columnsMeasuring the speed of soundNode spacing, amplitude and phase in stationary wavesHarmonics and the fundamental mode
Quantum Physics
Thermal Physics
Topic overviewThermal equilibrium and absolute temperatureThe kinetic model of solids, liquids and gasesBrownian motion and internal energySpecific heat capacityMeasuring specific heat capacitySpecific latent heatMeasuring specific latent heatMoles, the Avogadro constant and kinetic theoryGas laws, the ideal gas equation and r.m.s. speedMaxwell-Boltzmann distribution, Boltzmann constant and internal energy
Oscillations
Gravitational Fields
Astrophysics and Cosmology
Topic overviewThe solar system and the birth of a starThe death of a low-mass starSupernovae, neutron stars and black holesThe Hertzsprung-Russell diagramEnergy levels and emission spectraAbsorption spectra and spectral linesPhoton energy and the diffraction gratingWien's law and Stefan's lawAstronomical distances, parallax and the cosmological principleDoppler shift and Hubble's lawThe expanding universe and the Big BangEvidence for the Big Bang and dark energy
Capacitors
Topic overviewCapacitance and charging a capacitorCapacitors in seriesCapacitors in parallel and combined circuitsEnergy stored by a capacitorCharging and discharging through a resistorInvestigating capacitor dischargeThe time constantIterative modelling, exponential decay and the constant-ratio property
Electric Fields
Electromagnetism
Nuclear and Particle Physics
Topic overviewAlpha-particle scattering and the nuclear modelProton number, nucleon number and isotopesThe strong nuclear force and nuclear radiusParticles, antiparticles and hadronsLeptons and the quark modelQuark composition and chargesBeta decay in the quark modelRadioactive decay and the three radiationsNuclear decay equationsActivity, decay constant and half-lifeExponential decay and radioactive datingMass-energy equivalenceAnnihilation, mass defect and binding energyBinding energy per nucleon and induced fissionThe fission reactor and nuclear wasteNuclear fusion and balancing nuclear equations
Materials
The Young modulus
- 3 things to know
- Papers 1 and 3
Overview
Recall questions on defining the Young modulus, its formula, units and calculation, and the experiment to determine it for a wire: measuring length, diameter and extension, why a long thin wire is used, and the graph plotted.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
How is the cross-sectional area of a wire determined when measuring Young modulus?
Key term
Define Young modulus.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Define Young modulus.
Model answer
Young modulus is the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain
- 2
State the formula for Young modulus and identify each term.
Model answer
E = σ/ε, where E is Young modulus, σ is stress, and ε is strain
- 3
Calculate the Young modulus when stress = 3.18 × 10⁸ Pa, strain = 0.0041.
Model answer
Young modulus = 3.18 × 10⁸ ÷ 0.0041 = 7.76 × 10¹⁰ Pa.
- 4
What are the units of Young modulus and what property of a material does it measure?
Model answer
Pascals (Pa); it is a measure of the stiffness of a material
- 5
How is the cross-sectional area of a wire determined when measuring Young modulus?
Model answer
Measure the diameter at several points using a micrometer, calculate the mean diameter, then calculate the cross-sectional area
- 6
How are extension measurements made when determining Young modulus for a wire?
Model answer
By applying known loads and measuring extension using a marker and scale or a travelling microscope
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